ZIm/crates/editor/src/multi_buffer.rs

mod anchor;

pub use anchor::{Anchor, AnchorRangeExt};
use anyhow::{anyhow, Result};
use clock::ReplicaId;
use collections::{BTreeMap, Bound, HashMap, HashSet};
use futures::{channel::mpsc, SinkExt};
use git::diff::DiffHunk;
use gpui::{AppContext, Entity, ModelContext, ModelHandle, Task};
pub use language::Completion;
use language::{
    char_kind,
    language_settings::{language_settings, LanguageSettings},
    AutoindentMode, Buffer, BufferChunks, BufferSnapshot, CharKind, Chunk, CursorShape,
    DiagnosticEntry, File, IndentSize, Language, LanguageScope, OffsetRangeExt, OffsetUtf16,
    Outline, OutlineItem, Point, PointUtf16, Selection, TextDimension, ToOffset as _,
    ToOffsetUtf16 as _, ToPoint as _, ToPointUtf16 as _, TransactionId, Unclipped,
};
use std::{
    borrow::Cow,
    cell::{Ref, RefCell},
    cmp, fmt,
    future::Future,
    io,
    iter::{self, FromIterator},
    mem,
    ops::{Range, RangeBounds, Sub},
    str,
    sync::Arc,
    time::{Duration, Instant},
};
use sum_tree::{Bias, Cursor, SumTree};
use text::{
    locator::Locator,
    subscription::{Subscription, Topic},
    Edit, TextSummary,
};
use theme::SyntaxTheme;
use util::post_inc;

const NEWLINES: &[u8] = &[b'\n'; u8::MAX as usize];

#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, Hash, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
pub struct ExcerptId(usize);

pub struct MultiBuffer {
    snapshot: RefCell<MultiBufferSnapshot>,
    buffers: RefCell<HashMap<u64, BufferState>>,
    next_excerpt_id: usize,
    subscriptions: Topic,
    singleton: bool,
    replica_id: ReplicaId,
    history: History,
    title: Option<String>,
}

#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum Event {
    ExcerptsAdded {
        buffer: ModelHandle<Buffer>,
        predecessor: ExcerptId,
        excerpts: Vec<(ExcerptId, ExcerptRange<language::Anchor>)>,
    },
    ExcerptsRemoved {
        ids: Vec<ExcerptId>,
    },
    Edited,
    Reloaded,
    LanguageChanged,
    Reparsed,
    Saved,
    FileHandleChanged,
    Closed,
    DirtyChanged,
    DiagnosticsUpdated,
}

#[derive(Clone)]
struct History {
    next_transaction_id: TransactionId,
    undo_stack: Vec<Transaction>,
    redo_stack: Vec<Transaction>,
    transaction_depth: usize,
    group_interval: Duration,
}

#[derive(Clone)]
struct Transaction {
    id: TransactionId,
    buffer_transactions: HashMap<u64, text::TransactionId>,
    first_edit_at: Instant,
    last_edit_at: Instant,
    suppress_grouping: bool,
}

pub trait ToOffset: 'static + fmt::Debug {
    fn to_offset(&self, snapshot: &MultiBufferSnapshot) -> usize;
}

pub trait ToOffsetUtf16: 'static + fmt::Debug {
    fn to_offset_utf16(&self, snapshot: &MultiBufferSnapshot) -> OffsetUtf16;
}

pub trait ToPoint: 'static + fmt::Debug {
    fn to_point(&self, snapshot: &MultiBufferSnapshot) -> Point;
}

pub trait ToPointUtf16: 'static + fmt::Debug {
    fn to_point_utf16(&self, snapshot: &MultiBufferSnapshot) -> PointUtf16;
}

struct BufferState {
    buffer: ModelHandle<Buffer>,
    last_version: clock::Global,
    last_parse_count: usize,
    last_selections_update_count: usize,
    last_diagnostics_update_count: usize,
    last_file_update_count: usize,
    last_git_diff_update_count: usize,
    excerpts: Vec<Locator>,
    _subscriptions: [gpui::Subscription; 2],
}

#[derive(Clone, Default)]
pub struct MultiBufferSnapshot {
    singleton: bool,
    excerpts: SumTree<Excerpt>,
    excerpt_ids: SumTree<ExcerptIdMapping>,
    parse_count: usize,
    diagnostics_update_count: usize,
    trailing_excerpt_update_count: usize,
    git_diff_update_count: usize,
    edit_count: usize,
    is_dirty: bool,
    has_conflict: bool,
}

pub struct ExcerptBoundary {
    pub id: ExcerptId,
    pub row: u32,
    pub buffer: BufferSnapshot,
    pub range: ExcerptRange<text::Anchor>,
    pub starts_new_buffer: bool,
}

#[derive(Clone)]
struct Excerpt {
    id: ExcerptId,
    locator: Locator,
    buffer_id: u64,
    buffer: BufferSnapshot,
    range: ExcerptRange<text::Anchor>,
    max_buffer_row: u32,
    text_summary: TextSummary,
    has_trailing_newline: bool,
}

#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
struct ExcerptIdMapping {
    id: ExcerptId,
    locator: Locator,
}

#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
pub struct ExcerptRange<T> {
    pub context: Range<T>,
    pub primary: Option<Range<T>>,
}

#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default)]
struct ExcerptSummary {
    excerpt_id: ExcerptId,
    excerpt_locator: Locator,
    max_buffer_row: u32,
    text: TextSummary,
}

#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct MultiBufferRows<'a> {
    buffer_row_range: Range<u32>,
    excerpts: Cursor<'a, Excerpt, Point>,
}

pub struct MultiBufferChunks<'a> {
    range: Range<usize>,
    excerpts: Cursor<'a, Excerpt, usize>,
    excerpt_chunks: Option<ExcerptChunks<'a>>,
    language_aware: bool,
}

pub struct MultiBufferBytes<'a> {
    range: Range<usize>,
    excerpts: Cursor<'a, Excerpt, usize>,
    excerpt_bytes: Option<ExcerptBytes<'a>>,
    chunk: &'a [u8],
}

struct ExcerptChunks<'a> {
    content_chunks: BufferChunks<'a>,
    footer_height: usize,
}

struct ExcerptBytes<'a> {
    content_bytes: text::Bytes<'a>,
    footer_height: usize,
}

impl MultiBuffer {
    pub fn new(replica_id: ReplicaId) -> Self {
        Self {
            snapshot: Default::default(),
            buffers: Default::default(),
            next_excerpt_id: 1,
            subscriptions: Default::default(),
            singleton: false,
            replica_id,
            history: History {
                next_transaction_id: Default::default(),
                undo_stack: Default::default(),
                redo_stack: Default::default(),
                transaction_depth: 0,
                group_interval: Duration::from_millis(300),
            },
            title: Default::default(),
        }
    }

    pub fn clone(&self, new_cx: &mut ModelContext<Self>) -> Self {
        let mut buffers = HashMap::default();
        for (buffer_id, buffer_state) in self.buffers.borrow().iter() {
            buffers.insert(
                *buffer_id,
                BufferState {
                    buffer: buffer_state.buffer.clone(),
                    last_version: buffer_state.last_version.clone(),
                    last_parse_count: buffer_state.last_parse_count,
                    last_selections_update_count: buffer_state.last_selections_update_count,
                    last_diagnostics_update_count: buffer_state.last_diagnostics_update_count,
                    last_file_update_count: buffer_state.last_file_update_count,
                    last_git_diff_update_count: buffer_state.last_git_diff_update_count,
                    excerpts: buffer_state.excerpts.clone(),
                    _subscriptions: [
                        new_cx.observe(&buffer_state.buffer, |_, _, cx| cx.notify()),
                        new_cx.subscribe(&buffer_state.buffer, Self::on_buffer_event),
                    ],
                },
            );
        }
        Self {
            snapshot: RefCell::new(self.snapshot.borrow().clone()),
            buffers: RefCell::new(buffers),
            next_excerpt_id: 1,
            subscriptions: Default::default(),
            singleton: self.singleton,
            replica_id: self.replica_id,
            history: self.history.clone(),
            title: self.title.clone(),
        }
    }

    pub fn with_title(mut self, title: String) -> Self {
        self.title = Some(title);
        self
    }

    pub fn singleton(buffer: ModelHandle<Buffer>, cx: &mut ModelContext<Self>) -> Self {
        let mut this = Self::new(buffer.read(cx).replica_id());
        this.singleton = true;
        this.push_excerpts(
            buffer,
            [ExcerptRange {
                context: text::Anchor::MIN..text::Anchor::MAX,
                primary: None,
            }],
            cx,
        );
        this.snapshot.borrow_mut().singleton = true;
        this
    }

    pub fn replica_id(&self) -> ReplicaId {
        self.replica_id
    }

    pub fn snapshot(&self, cx: &AppContext) -> MultiBufferSnapshot {
        self.sync(cx);
        self.snapshot.borrow().clone()
    }

    pub(crate) fn read(&self, cx: &AppContext) -> Ref<MultiBufferSnapshot> {
        self.sync(cx);
        self.snapshot.borrow()
    }

    pub fn as_singleton(&self) -> Option<ModelHandle<Buffer>> {
        if self.singleton {
            return Some(
                self.buffers
                    .borrow()
                    .values()
                    .next()
                    .unwrap()
                    .buffer
                    .clone(),
            );
        } else {
            None
        }
    }

    pub fn is_singleton(&self) -> bool {
        self.singleton
    }

    pub fn subscribe(&mut self) -> Subscription {
        self.subscriptions.subscribe()
    }

    pub fn is_dirty(&self, cx: &AppContext) -> bool {
        self.read(cx).is_dirty()
    }

    pub fn has_conflict(&self, cx: &AppContext) -> bool {
        self.read(cx).has_conflict()
    }

    // The `is_empty` signature doesn't match what clippy expects
    #[allow(clippy::len_without_is_empty)]
    pub fn len(&self, cx: &AppContext) -> usize {
        self.read(cx).len()
    }

    pub fn is_empty(&self, cx: &AppContext) -> bool {
        self.len(cx) != 0
    }

    pub fn symbols_containing<T: ToOffset>(
        &self,
        offset: T,
        theme: Option<&SyntaxTheme>,
        cx: &AppContext,
    ) -> Option<(u64, Vec<OutlineItem<Anchor>>)> {
        self.read(cx).symbols_containing(offset, theme)
    }

    pub fn git_diff_recalc(&mut self, cx: &mut ModelContext<Self>) {
        let buffers = self.buffers.borrow();
        for buffer_state in buffers.values() {
            if buffer_state.buffer.read(cx).needs_git_diff_recalc() {
                buffer_state
                    .buffer
                    .update(cx, |buffer, cx| buffer.git_diff_recalc(cx))
            }
        }
    }

    pub fn edit<I, S, T>(
        &mut self,
        edits: I,
        mut autoindent_mode: Option<AutoindentMode>,
        cx: &mut ModelContext<Self>,
    ) where
        I: IntoIterator<Item = (Range<S>, T)>,
        S: ToOffset,
        T: Into<Arc<str>>,
    {
        if self.buffers.borrow().is_empty() {
            return;
        }

        let snapshot = self.read(cx);
        let edits = edits.into_iter().map(|(range, new_text)| {
            let mut range = range.start.to_offset(&snapshot)..range.end.to_offset(&snapshot);
            if range.start > range.end {
                mem::swap(&mut range.start, &mut range.end);
            }
            (range, new_text)
        });

        if let Some(buffer) = self.as_singleton() {
            return buffer.update(cx, |buffer, cx| {
                buffer.edit(edits, autoindent_mode, cx);
            });
        }

        let original_indent_columns = match &mut autoindent_mode {
            Some(AutoindentMode::Block {
                original_indent_columns,
            }) => mem::take(original_indent_columns),
            _ => Default::default(),
        };

        struct BufferEdit {
            range: Range<usize>,
            new_text: Arc<str>,
            is_insertion: bool,
            original_indent_column: u32,
        }
        let mut buffer_edits: HashMap<u64, Vec<BufferEdit>> = Default::default();
        let mut cursor = snapshot.excerpts.cursor::<usize>();
        for (ix, (range, new_text)) in edits.enumerate() {
            let new_text: Arc<str> = new_text.into();
            let original_indent_column = original_indent_columns.get(ix).copied().unwrap_or(0);
            cursor.seek(&range.start, Bias::Right, &());
            if cursor.item().is_none() && range.start == *cursor.start() {
                cursor.prev(&());
            }
            let start_excerpt = cursor.item().expect("start offset out of bounds");
            let start_overshoot = range.start - cursor.start();
            let buffer_start = start_excerpt
                .range
                .context
                .start
                .to_offset(&start_excerpt.buffer)
                + start_overshoot;

            cursor.seek(&range.end, Bias::Right, &());
            if cursor.item().is_none() && range.end == *cursor.start() {
                cursor.prev(&());
            }
            let end_excerpt = cursor.item().expect("end offset out of bounds");
            let end_overshoot = range.end - cursor.start();
            let buffer_end = end_excerpt
                .range
                .context
                .start
                .to_offset(&end_excerpt.buffer)
                + end_overshoot;

            if start_excerpt.id == end_excerpt.id {
                buffer_edits
                    .entry(start_excerpt.buffer_id)
                    .or_insert(Vec::new())
                    .push(BufferEdit {
                        range: buffer_start..buffer_end,
                        new_text,
                        is_insertion: true,
                        original_indent_column,
                    });
            } else {
                let start_excerpt_range = buffer_start
                    ..start_excerpt
                        .range
                        .context
                        .end
                        .to_offset(&start_excerpt.buffer);
                let end_excerpt_range = end_excerpt
                    .range
                    .context
                    .start
                    .to_offset(&end_excerpt.buffer)
                    ..buffer_end;
                buffer_edits
                    .entry(start_excerpt.buffer_id)
                    .or_insert(Vec::new())
                    .push(BufferEdit {
                        range: start_excerpt_range,
                        new_text: new_text.clone(),
                        is_insertion: true,
                        original_indent_column,
                    });
                buffer_edits
                    .entry(end_excerpt.buffer_id)
                    .or_insert(Vec::new())
                    .push(BufferEdit {
                        range: end_excerpt_range,
                        new_text: new_text.clone(),
                        is_insertion: false,
                        original_indent_column,
                    });

                cursor.seek(&range.start, Bias::Right, &());
                cursor.next(&());
                while let Some(excerpt) = cursor.item() {
                    if excerpt.id == end_excerpt.id {
                        break;
                    }
                    buffer_edits
                        .entry(excerpt.buffer_id)
                        .or_insert(Vec::new())
                        .push(BufferEdit {
                            range: excerpt.range.context.to_offset(&excerpt.buffer),
                            new_text: new_text.clone(),
                            is_insertion: false,
                            original_indent_column,
                        });
                    cursor.next(&());
                }
            }
        }

        for (buffer_id, mut edits) in buffer_edits {
            edits.sort_unstable_by_key(|edit| edit.range.start);
            self.buffers.borrow()[&buffer_id]
                .buffer
                .update(cx, |buffer, cx| {
                    let mut edits = edits.into_iter().peekable();
                    let mut insertions = Vec::new();
                    let mut original_indent_columns = Vec::new();
                    let mut deletions = Vec::new();
                    let empty_str: Arc<str> = "".into();
                    while let Some(BufferEdit {
                        mut range,
                        new_text,
                        mut is_insertion,
                        original_indent_column,
                    }) = edits.next()
                    {
                        while let Some(BufferEdit {
                            range: next_range,
                            is_insertion: next_is_insertion,
                            ..
                        }) = edits.peek()
                        {
                            if range.end >= next_range.start {
                                range.end = cmp::max(next_range.end, range.end);
                                is_insertion |= *next_is_insertion;
                                edits.next();
                            } else {
                                break;
                            }
                        }

                        if is_insertion {
                            original_indent_columns.push(original_indent_column);
                            insertions.push((
                                buffer.anchor_before(range.start)..buffer.anchor_before(range.end),
                                new_text.clone(),
                            ));
                        } else if !range.is_empty() {
                            deletions.push((
                                buffer.anchor_before(range.start)..buffer.anchor_before(range.end),
                                empty_str.clone(),
                            ));
                        }
                    }

                    let deletion_autoindent_mode =
                        if let Some(AutoindentMode::Block { .. }) = autoindent_mode {
                            Some(AutoindentMode::Block {
                                original_indent_columns: Default::default(),
                            })
                        } else {
                            None
                        };
                    let insertion_autoindent_mode =
                        if let Some(AutoindentMode::Block { .. }) = autoindent_mode {
                            Some(AutoindentMode::Block {
                                original_indent_columns,
                            })
                        } else {
                            None
                        };

                    buffer.edit(deletions, deletion_autoindent_mode, cx);
                    buffer.edit(insertions, insertion_autoindent_mode, cx);
                })
        }
    }

    pub fn start_transaction(&mut self, cx: &mut ModelContext<Self>) -> Option<TransactionId> {
        self.start_transaction_at(Instant::now(), cx)
    }

    pub(crate) fn start_transaction_at(
        &mut self,
        now: Instant,
        cx: &mut ModelContext<Self>,
    ) -> Option<TransactionId> {
        if let Some(buffer) = self.as_singleton() {
            return buffer.update(cx, |buffer, _| buffer.start_transaction_at(now));
        }

        for BufferState { buffer, .. } in self.buffers.borrow().values() {
            buffer.update(cx, |buffer, _| buffer.start_transaction_at(now));
        }
        self.history.start_transaction(now)
    }

    pub fn end_transaction(&mut self, cx: &mut ModelContext<Self>) -> Option<TransactionId> {
        self.end_transaction_at(Instant::now(), cx)
    }

    pub(crate) fn end_transaction_at(
        &mut self,
        now: Instant,
        cx: &mut ModelContext<Self>,
    ) -> Option<TransactionId> {
        if let Some(buffer) = self.as_singleton() {
            return buffer.update(cx, |buffer, cx| buffer.end_transaction_at(now, cx));
        }

        let mut buffer_transactions = HashMap::default();
        for BufferState { buffer, .. } in self.buffers.borrow().values() {
            if let Some(transaction_id) =
                buffer.update(cx, |buffer, cx| buffer.end_transaction_at(now, cx))
            {
                buffer_transactions.insert(buffer.read(cx).remote_id(), transaction_id);
            }
        }

        if self.history.end_transaction(now, buffer_transactions) {
            let transaction_id = self.history.group().unwrap();
            Some(transaction_id)
        } else {
            None
        }
    }

    pub fn finalize_last_transaction(&mut self, cx: &mut ModelContext<Self>) {
        self.history.finalize_last_transaction();
        for BufferState { buffer, .. } in self.buffers.borrow().values() {
            buffer.update(cx, |buffer, _| {
                buffer.finalize_last_transaction();
            });
        }
    }

    pub fn push_transaction<'a, T>(&mut self, buffer_transactions: T, cx: &mut ModelContext<Self>)
    where
        T: IntoIterator<Item = (&'a ModelHandle<Buffer>, &'a language::Transaction)>,
    {
        self.history
            .push_transaction(buffer_transactions, Instant::now(), cx);
        self.history.finalize_last_transaction();
    }

    pub fn group_until_transaction(
        &mut self,
        transaction_id: TransactionId,
        cx: &mut ModelContext<Self>,
    ) {
        if let Some(buffer) = self.as_singleton() {
            buffer.update(cx, |buffer, _| {
                buffer.group_until_transaction(transaction_id)
            });
        } else {
            self.history.group_until(transaction_id);
        }
    }

    pub fn set_active_selections(
        &mut self,
        selections: &[Selection<Anchor>],
        line_mode: bool,
        cursor_shape: CursorShape,
        cx: &mut ModelContext<Self>,
    ) {
        let mut selections_by_buffer: HashMap<u64, Vec<Selection<text::Anchor>>> =
            Default::default();
        let snapshot = self.read(cx);
        let mut cursor = snapshot.excerpts.cursor::<Option<&Locator>>();
        for selection in selections {
            let start_locator = snapshot.excerpt_locator_for_id(selection.start.excerpt_id);
            let end_locator = snapshot.excerpt_locator_for_id(selection.end.excerpt_id);

            cursor.seek(&Some(start_locator), Bias::Left, &());
            while let Some(excerpt) = cursor.item() {
                if excerpt.locator > *end_locator {
                    break;
                }

                let mut start = excerpt.range.context.start;
                let mut end = excerpt.range.context.end;
                if excerpt.id == selection.start.excerpt_id {
                    start = selection.start.text_anchor;
                }
                if excerpt.id == selection.end.excerpt_id {
                    end = selection.end.text_anchor;
                }
                selections_by_buffer
                    .entry(excerpt.buffer_id)
                    .or_default()
                    .push(Selection {
                        id: selection.id,
                        start,
                        end,
                        reversed: selection.reversed,
                        goal: selection.goal,
                    });

                cursor.next(&());
            }
        }

        for (buffer_id, buffer_state) in self.buffers.borrow().iter() {
            if !selections_by_buffer.contains_key(buffer_id) {
                buffer_state
                    .buffer
                    .update(cx, |buffer, cx| buffer.remove_active_selections(cx));
            }
        }

        for (buffer_id, mut selections) in selections_by_buffer {
            self.buffers.borrow()[&buffer_id]
                .buffer
                .update(cx, |buffer, cx| {
                    selections.sort_unstable_by(|a, b| a.start.cmp(&b.start, buffer));
                    let mut selections = selections.into_iter().peekable();
                    let merged_selections = Arc::from_iter(iter::from_fn(|| {
                        let mut selection = selections.next()?;
                        while let Some(next_selection) = selections.peek() {
                            if selection.end.cmp(&next_selection.start, buffer).is_ge() {
                                let next_selection = selections.next().unwrap();
                                if next_selection.end.cmp(&selection.end, buffer).is_ge() {
                                    selection.end = next_selection.end;
                                }
                            } else {
                                break;
                            }
                        }
                        Some(selection)
                    }));
                    buffer.set_active_selections(merged_selections, line_mode, cursor_shape, cx);
                });
        }
    }

    pub fn remove_active_selections(&mut self, cx: &mut ModelContext<Self>) {
        for buffer in self.buffers.borrow().values() {
            buffer
                .buffer
                .update(cx, |buffer, cx| buffer.remove_active_selections(cx));
        }
    }

    pub fn undo(&mut self, cx: &mut ModelContext<Self>) -> Option<TransactionId> {
        if let Some(buffer) = self.as_singleton() {
            return buffer.update(cx, |buffer, cx| buffer.undo(cx));
        }

        while let Some(transaction) = self.history.pop_undo() {
            let mut undone = false;
            for (buffer_id, buffer_transaction_id) in &mut transaction.buffer_transactions {
                if let Some(BufferState { buffer, .. }) = self.buffers.borrow().get(buffer_id) {
                    undone |= buffer.update(cx, |buffer, cx| {
                        let undo_to = *buffer_transaction_id;
                        if let Some(entry) = buffer.peek_undo_stack() {
                            *buffer_transaction_id = entry.transaction_id();
                        }
                        buffer.undo_to_transaction(undo_to, cx)
                    });
                }
            }

            if undone {
                return Some(transaction.id);
            }
        }

        None
    }

    pub fn redo(&mut self, cx: &mut ModelContext<Self>) -> Option<TransactionId> {
        if let Some(buffer) = self.as_singleton() {
            return buffer.update(cx, |buffer, cx| buffer.redo(cx));
        }

        while let Some(transaction) = self.history.pop_redo() {
            let mut redone = false;
            for (buffer_id, buffer_transaction_id) in &mut transaction.buffer_transactions {
                if let Some(BufferState { buffer, .. }) = self.buffers.borrow().get(buffer_id) {
                    redone |= buffer.update(cx, |buffer, cx| {
                        let redo_to = *buffer_transaction_id;
                        if let Some(entry) = buffer.peek_redo_stack() {
                            *buffer_transaction_id = entry.transaction_id();
                        }
                        buffer.redo_to_transaction(redo_to, cx)
                    });
                }
            }

            if redone {
                return Some(transaction.id);
            }
        }

        None
    }

    pub fn stream_excerpts_with_context_lines(
        &mut self,
        excerpts: Vec<(ModelHandle<Buffer>, Vec<Range<text::Anchor>>)>,
        context_line_count: u32,
        cx: &mut ModelContext<Self>,
    ) -> (Task<()>, mpsc::Receiver<Range<Anchor>>) {
        let (mut tx, rx) = mpsc::channel(256);
        let task = cx.spawn(|this, mut cx| async move {
            for (buffer, ranges) in excerpts {
                let (buffer_id, buffer_snapshot) =
                    buffer.read_with(&cx, |buffer, _| (buffer.remote_id(), buffer.snapshot()));

                let mut excerpt_ranges = Vec::new();
                let mut range_counts = Vec::new();
                cx.background()
                    .scoped(|scope| {
                        scope.spawn(async {
                            let (ranges, counts) =
                                build_excerpt_ranges(&buffer_snapshot, &ranges, context_line_count);
                            excerpt_ranges = ranges;
                            range_counts = counts;
                        });
                    })
                    .await;

                let mut ranges = ranges.into_iter();
                let mut range_counts = range_counts.into_iter();
                for excerpt_ranges in excerpt_ranges.chunks(100) {
                    let excerpt_ids = this.update(&mut cx, |this, cx| {
                        this.push_excerpts(buffer.clone(), excerpt_ranges.iter().cloned(), cx)
                    });

                    for (excerpt_id, range_count) in
                        excerpt_ids.into_iter().zip(range_counts.by_ref())
                    {
                        for range in ranges.by_ref().take(range_count) {
                            let start = Anchor {
                                buffer_id: Some(buffer_id),
                                excerpt_id: excerpt_id.clone(),
                                text_anchor: range.start,
                            };
                            let end = Anchor {
                                buffer_id: Some(buffer_id),
                                excerpt_id: excerpt_id.clone(),
                                text_anchor: range.end,
                            };
                            if tx.send(start..end).await.is_err() {
                                break;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        });
        (task, rx)
    }

    pub fn push_excerpts<O>(
        &mut self,
        buffer: ModelHandle<Buffer>,
        ranges: impl IntoIterator<Item = ExcerptRange<O>>,
        cx: &mut ModelContext<Self>,
    ) -> Vec<ExcerptId>
    where
        O: text::ToOffset,
    {
        self.insert_excerpts_after(ExcerptId::max(), buffer, ranges, cx)
    }

    pub fn push_excerpts_with_context_lines<O>(
        &mut self,
        buffer: ModelHandle<Buffer>,
        ranges: Vec<Range<O>>,
        context_line_count: u32,
        cx: &mut ModelContext<Self>,
    ) -> Vec<Range<Anchor>>
    where
        O: text::ToPoint + text::ToOffset,
    {
        let buffer_id = buffer.read(cx).remote_id();
        let buffer_snapshot = buffer.read(cx).snapshot();
        let (excerpt_ranges, range_counts) =
            build_excerpt_ranges(&buffer_snapshot, &ranges, context_line_count);

        let excerpt_ids = self.push_excerpts(buffer, excerpt_ranges, cx);

        let mut anchor_ranges = Vec::new();
        let mut ranges = ranges.into_iter();
        for (excerpt_id, range_count) in excerpt_ids.into_iter().zip(range_counts.into_iter()) {
            anchor_ranges.extend(ranges.by_ref().take(range_count).map(|range| {
                let start = Anchor {
                    buffer_id: Some(buffer_id),
                    excerpt_id: excerpt_id.clone(),
                    text_anchor: buffer_snapshot.anchor_after(range.start),
                };
                let end = Anchor {
                    buffer_id: Some(buffer_id),
                    excerpt_id: excerpt_id.clone(),
                    text_anchor: buffer_snapshot.anchor_after(range.end),
                };
                start..end
            }))
        }
        anchor_ranges
    }

    pub fn insert_excerpts_after<O>(
        &mut self,
        prev_excerpt_id: ExcerptId,
        buffer: ModelHandle<Buffer>,
        ranges: impl IntoIterator<Item = ExcerptRange<O>>,
        cx: &mut ModelContext<Self>,
    ) -> Vec<ExcerptId>
    where
        O: text::ToOffset,
    {
        let mut ids = Vec::new();
        let mut next_excerpt_id = self.next_excerpt_id;
        self.insert_excerpts_with_ids_after(
            prev_excerpt_id,
            buffer,
            ranges.into_iter().map(|range| {
                let id = ExcerptId(post_inc(&mut next_excerpt_id));
                ids.push(id);
                (id, range)
            }),
            cx,
        );
        ids
    }

    pub fn insert_excerpts_with_ids_after<O>(
        &mut self,
        prev_excerpt_id: ExcerptId,
        buffer: ModelHandle<Buffer>,
        ranges: impl IntoIterator<Item = (ExcerptId, ExcerptRange<O>)>,
        cx: &mut ModelContext<Self>,
    ) where
        O: text::ToOffset,
    {
        assert_eq!(self.history.transaction_depth, 0);
        let mut ranges = ranges.into_iter().peekable();
        if ranges.peek().is_none() {
            return Default::default();
        }

        self.sync(cx);

        let buffer_id = buffer.read(cx).remote_id();
        let buffer_snapshot = buffer.read(cx).snapshot();

        let mut buffers = self.buffers.borrow_mut();
        let buffer_state = buffers.entry(buffer_id).or_insert_with(|| BufferState {
            last_version: buffer_snapshot.version().clone(),
            last_parse_count: buffer_snapshot.parse_count(),
            last_selections_update_count: buffer_snapshot.selections_update_count(),
            last_diagnostics_update_count: buffer_snapshot.diagnostics_update_count(),
            last_file_update_count: buffer_snapshot.file_update_count(),
            last_git_diff_update_count: buffer_snapshot.git_diff_update_count(),
            excerpts: Default::default(),
            _subscriptions: [
                cx.observe(&buffer, |_, _, cx| cx.notify()),
                cx.subscribe(&buffer, Self::on_buffer_event),
            ],
            buffer: buffer.clone(),
        });

        let mut snapshot = self.snapshot.borrow_mut();

        let mut prev_locator = snapshot.excerpt_locator_for_id(prev_excerpt_id).clone();
        let mut new_excerpt_ids = mem::take(&mut snapshot.excerpt_ids);
        let mut cursor = snapshot.excerpts.cursor::<Option<&Locator>>();
        let mut new_excerpts = cursor.slice(&prev_locator, Bias::Right, &());
        prev_locator = cursor.start().unwrap_or(Locator::min_ref()).clone();

        let edit_start = new_excerpts.summary().text.len;
        new_excerpts.update_last(
            |excerpt| {
                excerpt.has_trailing_newline = true;
            },
            &(),
        );

        let next_locator = if let Some(excerpt) = cursor.item() {
            excerpt.locator.clone()
        } else {
            Locator::max()
        };

        let mut excerpts = Vec::new();
        while let Some((id, range)) = ranges.next() {
            let locator = Locator::between(&prev_locator, &next_locator);
            if let Err(ix) = buffer_state.excerpts.binary_search(&locator) {
                buffer_state.excerpts.insert(ix, locator.clone());
            }
            let range = ExcerptRange {
                context: buffer_snapshot.anchor_before(&range.context.start)
                    ..buffer_snapshot.anchor_after(&range.context.end),
                primary: range.primary.map(|primary| {
                    buffer_snapshot.anchor_before(&primary.start)
                        ..buffer_snapshot.anchor_after(&primary.end)
                }),
            };
            if id.0 >= self.next_excerpt_id {
                self.next_excerpt_id = id.0 + 1;
            }
            excerpts.push((id, range.clone()));
            let excerpt = Excerpt::new(
                id,
                locator.clone(),
                buffer_id,
                buffer_snapshot.clone(),
                range,
                ranges.peek().is_some() || cursor.item().is_some(),
            );
            new_excerpts.push(excerpt, &());
            prev_locator = locator.clone();
            new_excerpt_ids.push(ExcerptIdMapping { id, locator }, &());
        }

        let edit_end = new_excerpts.summary().text.len;

        let suffix = cursor.suffix(&());
        let changed_trailing_excerpt = suffix.is_empty();
        new_excerpts.push_tree(suffix, &());
        drop(cursor);
        snapshot.excerpts = new_excerpts;
        snapshot.excerpt_ids = new_excerpt_ids;
        if changed_trailing_excerpt {
            snapshot.trailing_excerpt_update_count += 1;
        }

        self.subscriptions.publish_mut([Edit {
            old: edit_start..edit_start,
            new: edit_start..edit_end,
        }]);
        cx.emit(Event::Edited);
        cx.emit(Event::ExcerptsAdded {
            buffer,
            predecessor: prev_excerpt_id,
            excerpts,
        });
        cx.notify();
    }

    pub fn clear(&mut self, cx: &mut ModelContext<Self>) {
        self.sync(cx);
        let ids = self.excerpt_ids();
        self.buffers.borrow_mut().clear();
        let mut snapshot = self.snapshot.borrow_mut();
        let prev_len = snapshot.len();
        snapshot.excerpts = Default::default();
        snapshot.trailing_excerpt_update_count += 1;
        snapshot.is_dirty = false;
        snapshot.has_conflict = false;

        self.subscriptions.publish_mut([Edit {
            old: 0..prev_len,
            new: 0..0,
        }]);
        cx.emit(Event::Edited);
        cx.emit(Event::ExcerptsRemoved { ids });
        cx.notify();
    }

    pub fn excerpts_for_buffer(
        &self,
        buffer: &ModelHandle<Buffer>,
        cx: &AppContext,
    ) -> Vec<(ExcerptId, ExcerptRange<text::Anchor>)> {
        let mut excerpts = Vec::new();
        let snapshot = self.read(cx);
        let buffers = self.buffers.borrow();
        let mut cursor = snapshot.excerpts.cursor::<Option<&Locator>>();
        for locator in buffers
            .get(&buffer.read(cx).remote_id())
            .map(|state| &state.excerpts)
            .into_iter()
            .flatten()
        {
            cursor.seek_forward(&Some(locator), Bias::Left, &());
            if let Some(excerpt) = cursor.item() {
                if excerpt.locator == *locator {
                    excerpts.push((excerpt.id.clone(), excerpt.range.clone()));
                }
            }
        }

        excerpts
    }

    pub fn excerpt_ids(&self) -> Vec<ExcerptId> {
        self.snapshot
            .borrow()
            .excerpts
            .iter()
            .map(|entry| entry.id)
            .collect()
    }

    pub fn excerpt_containing(
        &self,
        position: impl ToOffset,
        cx: &AppContext,
    ) -> Option<(ExcerptId, ModelHandle<Buffer>, Range<text::Anchor>)> {
        let snapshot = self.read(cx);
        let position = position.to_offset(&snapshot);

        let mut cursor = snapshot.excerpts.cursor::<usize>();
        cursor.seek(&position, Bias::Right, &());
        cursor
            .item()
            .or_else(|| snapshot.excerpts.last())
            .map(|excerpt| {
                (
                    excerpt.id.clone(),
                    self.buffers
                        .borrow()
                        .get(&excerpt.buffer_id)
                        .unwrap()
                        .buffer
                        .clone(),
                    excerpt.range.context.clone(),
                )
            })
    }

    // If point is at the end of the buffer, the last excerpt is returned
    pub fn point_to_buffer_offset<T: ToOffset>(
        &self,
        point: T,
        cx: &AppContext,
    ) -> Option<(ModelHandle<Buffer>, usize)> {
        let snapshot = self.read(cx);
        let offset = point.to_offset(&snapshot);
        let mut cursor = snapshot.excerpts.cursor::<usize>();
        cursor.seek(&offset, Bias::Right, &());
        if cursor.item().is_none() {
            cursor.prev(&());
        }

        cursor.item().map(|excerpt| {
            let excerpt_start = excerpt.range.context.start.to_offset(&excerpt.buffer);
            let buffer_point = excerpt_start + offset - *cursor.start();
            let buffer = self.buffers.borrow()[&excerpt.buffer_id].buffer.clone();

            (buffer, buffer_point)
        })
    }

    pub fn range_to_buffer_ranges<T: ToOffset>(
        &self,
        range: Range<T>,
        cx: &AppContext,
    ) -> Vec<(ModelHandle<Buffer>, Range<usize>)> {
        let snapshot = self.read(cx);
        let start = range.start.to_offset(&snapshot);
        let end = range.end.to_offset(&snapshot);

        let mut result = Vec::new();
        let mut cursor = snapshot.excerpts.cursor::<usize>();
        cursor.seek(&start, Bias::Right, &());
        if cursor.item().is_none() {
            cursor.prev(&());
        }

        while let Some(excerpt) = cursor.item() {
            if *cursor.start() > end {
                break;
            }

            let mut end_before_newline = cursor.end(&());
            if excerpt.has_trailing_newline {
                end_before_newline -= 1;
            }
            let excerpt_start = excerpt.range.context.start.to_offset(&excerpt.buffer);
            let start = excerpt_start + (cmp::max(start, *cursor.start()) - *cursor.start());
            let end = excerpt_start + (cmp::min(end, end_before_newline) - *cursor.start());
            let buffer = self.buffers.borrow()[&excerpt.buffer_id].buffer.clone();
            result.push((buffer, start..end));
            cursor.next(&());
        }

        result
    }

    pub fn remove_excerpts(
        &mut self,
        excerpt_ids: impl IntoIterator<Item = ExcerptId>,
        cx: &mut ModelContext<Self>,
    ) {
        self.sync(cx);
        let ids = excerpt_ids.into_iter().collect::<Vec<_>>();
        if ids.is_empty() {
            return;
        }

        let mut buffers = self.buffers.borrow_mut();
        let mut snapshot = self.snapshot.borrow_mut();
        let mut new_excerpts = SumTree::new();
        let mut cursor = snapshot.excerpts.cursor::<(Option<&Locator>, usize)>();
        let mut edits = Vec::new();
        let mut excerpt_ids = ids.iter().copied().peekable();

        while let Some(excerpt_id) = excerpt_ids.next() {
            // Seek to the next excerpt to remove, preserving any preceding excerpts.
            let locator = snapshot.excerpt_locator_for_id(excerpt_id);
            new_excerpts.push_tree(cursor.slice(&Some(locator), Bias::Left, &()), &());

            if let Some(mut excerpt) = cursor.item() {
                if excerpt.id != excerpt_id {
                    continue;
                }
                let mut old_start = cursor.start().1;

                // Skip over the removed excerpt.
                'remove_excerpts: loop {
                    if let Some(buffer_state) = buffers.get_mut(&excerpt.buffer_id) {
                        buffer_state.excerpts.retain(|l| l != &excerpt.locator);
                        if buffer_state.excerpts.is_empty() {
                            buffers.remove(&excerpt.buffer_id);
                        }
                    }
                    cursor.next(&());

                    // Skip over any subsequent excerpts that are also removed.
                    while let Some(&next_excerpt_id) = excerpt_ids.peek() {
                        let next_locator = snapshot.excerpt_locator_for_id(next_excerpt_id);
                        if let Some(next_excerpt) = cursor.item() {
                            if next_excerpt.locator == *next_locator {
                                excerpt_ids.next();
                                excerpt = next_excerpt;
                                continue 'remove_excerpts;
                            }
                        }
                        break;
                    }

                    break;
                }

                // When removing the last excerpt, remove the trailing newline from
                // the previous excerpt.
                if cursor.item().is_none() && old_start > 0 {
                    old_start -= 1;
                    new_excerpts.update_last(|e| e.has_trailing_newline = false, &());
                }

                // Push an edit for the removal of this run of excerpts.
                let old_end = cursor.start().1;
                let new_start = new_excerpts.summary().text.len;
                edits.push(Edit {
                    old: old_start..old_end,
                    new: new_start..new_start,
                });
            }
        }
        let suffix = cursor.suffix(&());
        let changed_trailing_excerpt = suffix.is_empty();
        new_excerpts.push_tree(suffix, &());
        drop(cursor);
        snapshot.excerpts = new_excerpts;

        if changed_trailing_excerpt {
            snapshot.trailing_excerpt_update_count += 1;
        }

        self.subscriptions.publish_mut(edits);
        cx.emit(Event::Edited);
        cx.emit(Event::ExcerptsRemoved { ids });
        cx.notify();
    }

    pub fn wait_for_anchors<'a>(
        &self,
        anchors: impl 'a + Iterator<Item = Anchor>,
        cx: &mut ModelContext<Self>,
    ) -> impl 'static + Future<Output = Result<()>> {
        let borrow = self.buffers.borrow();
        let mut error = None;
        let mut futures = Vec::new();
        for anchor in anchors {
            if let Some(buffer_id) = anchor.buffer_id {
                if let Some(buffer) = borrow.get(&buffer_id) {
                    buffer.buffer.update(cx, |buffer, _| {
                        futures.push(buffer.wait_for_anchors([anchor.text_anchor]))
                    });
                } else {
                    error = Some(anyhow!(
                        "buffer {buffer_id} is not part of this multi-buffer"
                    ));
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
        async move {
            if let Some(error) = error {
                Err(error)?;
            }
            for future in futures {
                future.await?;
            }
            Ok(())
        }
    }

    pub fn text_anchor_for_position<T: ToOffset>(
        &self,
        position: T,
        cx: &AppContext,
    ) -> Option<(ModelHandle<Buffer>, language::Anchor)> {
        let snapshot = self.read(cx);
        let anchor = snapshot.anchor_before(position);
        let buffer = self
            .buffers
            .borrow()
            .get(&anchor.buffer_id?)?
            .buffer
            .clone();
        Some((buffer, anchor.text_anchor))
    }

    fn on_buffer_event(
        &mut self,
        _: ModelHandle<Buffer>,
        event: &language::Event,
        cx: &mut ModelContext<Self>,
    ) {
        cx.emit(match event {
            language::Event::Edited => Event::Edited,
            language::Event::DirtyChanged => Event::DirtyChanged,
            language::Event::Saved => Event::Saved,
            language::Event::FileHandleChanged => Event::FileHandleChanged,
            language::Event::Reloaded => Event::Reloaded,
            language::Event::LanguageChanged => Event::LanguageChanged,
            language::Event::Reparsed => Event::Reparsed,
            language::Event::DiagnosticsUpdated => Event::DiagnosticsUpdated,
            language::Event::Closed => Event::Closed,

            //
            language::Event::Operation(_) => return,
        });
    }

    pub fn all_buffers(&self) -> HashSet<ModelHandle<Buffer>> {
        self.buffers
            .borrow()
            .values()
            .map(|state| state.buffer.clone())
            .collect()
    }

    pub fn buffer(&self, buffer_id: u64) -> Option<ModelHandle<Buffer>> {
        self.buffers
            .borrow()
            .get(&buffer_id)
            .map(|state| state.buffer.clone())
    }

    pub fn is_completion_trigger<T>(&self, position: T, text: &str, cx: &AppContext) -> bool
    where
        T: ToOffset,
    {
        let mut chars = text.chars();
        let char = if let Some(char) = chars.next() {
            char
        } else {
            return false;
        };
        if chars.next().is_some() {
            return false;
        }

        if char.is_alphanumeric() || char == '_' {
            return true;
        }

        let snapshot = self.snapshot(cx);
        let anchor = snapshot.anchor_before(position);
        anchor
            .buffer_id
            .and_then(|buffer_id| {
                let buffer = self.buffers.borrow().get(&buffer_id)?.buffer.clone();
                Some(
                    buffer
                        .read(cx)
                        .completion_triggers()
                        .iter()
                        .any(|string| string == text),
                )
            })
            .unwrap_or(false)
    }

    pub fn language_at<'a, T: ToOffset>(
        &self,
        point: T,
        cx: &'a AppContext,
    ) -> Option<Arc<Language>> {
        self.point_to_buffer_offset(point, cx)
            .and_then(|(buffer, offset)| buffer.read(cx).language_at(offset))
    }

    pub fn settings_at<'a, T: ToOffset>(
        &self,
        point: T,
        cx: &'a AppContext,
    ) -> &'a LanguageSettings {
        let language = self.language_at(point, cx);
        language_settings(language.map(|l| l.name()).as_deref(), cx)
    }

    pub fn for_each_buffer(&self, mut f: impl FnMut(&ModelHandle<Buffer>)) {
        self.buffers
            .borrow()
            .values()
            .for_each(|state| f(&state.buffer))
    }

    pub fn title<'a>(&'a self, cx: &'a AppContext) -> Cow<'a, str> {
        if let Some(title) = self.title.as_ref() {
            return title.into();
        }

        if let Some(buffer) = self.as_singleton() {
            if let Some(file) = buffer.read(cx).file() {
                return file.file_name(cx).to_string_lossy();
            }
        }

        "untitled".into()
    }

    #[cfg(test)]
    pub fn is_parsing(&self, cx: &AppContext) -> bool {
        self.as_singleton().unwrap().read(cx).is_parsing()
    }

    fn sync(&self, cx: &AppContext) {
        let mut snapshot = self.snapshot.borrow_mut();
        let mut excerpts_to_edit = Vec::new();
        let mut reparsed = false;
        let mut diagnostics_updated = false;
        let mut git_diff_updated = false;
        let mut is_dirty = false;
        let mut has_conflict = false;
        let mut edited = false;
        let mut buffers = self.buffers.borrow_mut();
        for buffer_state in buffers.values_mut() {
            let buffer = buffer_state.buffer.read(cx);
            let version = buffer.version();
            let parse_count = buffer.parse_count();
            let selections_update_count = buffer.selections_update_count();
            let diagnostics_update_count = buffer.diagnostics_update_count();
            let file_update_count = buffer.file_update_count();
            let git_diff_update_count = buffer.git_diff_update_count();

            let buffer_edited = version.changed_since(&buffer_state.last_version);
            let buffer_reparsed = parse_count > buffer_state.last_parse_count;
            let buffer_selections_updated =
                selections_update_count > buffer_state.last_selections_update_count;
            let buffer_diagnostics_updated =
                diagnostics_update_count > buffer_state.last_diagnostics_update_count;
            let buffer_file_updated = file_update_count > buffer_state.last_file_update_count;
            let buffer_git_diff_updated =
                git_diff_update_count > buffer_state.last_git_diff_update_count;
            if buffer_edited
                || buffer_reparsed
                || buffer_selections_updated
                || buffer_diagnostics_updated
                || buffer_file_updated
                || buffer_git_diff_updated
            {
                buffer_state.last_version = version;
                buffer_state.last_parse_count = parse_count;
                buffer_state.last_selections_update_count = selections_update_count;
                buffer_state.last_diagnostics_update_count = diagnostics_update_count;
                buffer_state.last_file_update_count = file_update_count;
                buffer_state.last_git_diff_update_count = git_diff_update_count;
                excerpts_to_edit.extend(
                    buffer_state
                        .excerpts
                        .iter()
                        .map(|locator| (locator, buffer_state.buffer.clone(), buffer_edited)),
                );
            }

            edited |= buffer_edited;
            reparsed |= buffer_reparsed;
            diagnostics_updated |= buffer_diagnostics_updated;
            git_diff_updated |= buffer_git_diff_updated;
            is_dirty |= buffer.is_dirty();
            has_conflict |= buffer.has_conflict();
        }
        if edited {
            snapshot.edit_count += 1;
        }
        if reparsed {
            snapshot.parse_count += 1;
        }
        if diagnostics_updated {
            snapshot.diagnostics_update_count += 1;
        }
        if git_diff_updated {
            snapshot.git_diff_update_count += 1;
        }
        snapshot.is_dirty = is_dirty;
        snapshot.has_conflict = has_conflict;

        excerpts_to_edit.sort_unstable_by_key(|(locator, _, _)| *locator);

        let mut edits = Vec::new();
        let mut new_excerpts = SumTree::new();
        let mut cursor = snapshot.excerpts.cursor::<(Option<&Locator>, usize)>();

        for (locator, buffer, buffer_edited) in excerpts_to_edit {
            new_excerpts.push_tree(cursor.slice(&Some(locator), Bias::Left, &()), &());
            let old_excerpt = cursor.item().unwrap();
            let buffer = buffer.read(cx);
            let buffer_id = buffer.remote_id();

            let mut new_excerpt;
            if buffer_edited {
                edits.extend(
                    buffer
                        .edits_since_in_range::<usize>(
                            old_excerpt.buffer.version(),
                            old_excerpt.range.context.clone(),
                        )
                        .map(|mut edit| {
                            let excerpt_old_start = cursor.start().1;
                            let excerpt_new_start = new_excerpts.summary().text.len;
                            edit.old.start += excerpt_old_start;
                            edit.old.end += excerpt_old_start;
                            edit.new.start += excerpt_new_start;
                            edit.new.end += excerpt_new_start;
                            edit
                        }),
                );

                new_excerpt = Excerpt::new(
                    old_excerpt.id,
                    locator.clone(),
                    buffer_id,
                    buffer.snapshot(),
                    old_excerpt.range.clone(),
                    old_excerpt.has_trailing_newline,
                );
            } else {
                new_excerpt = old_excerpt.clone();
                new_excerpt.buffer = buffer.snapshot();
            }

            new_excerpts.push(new_excerpt, &());
            cursor.next(&());
        }
        new_excerpts.push_tree(cursor.suffix(&()), &());

        drop(cursor);
        snapshot.excerpts = new_excerpts;

        self.subscriptions.publish(edits);
    }
}

#[cfg(any(test, feature = "test-support"))]
impl MultiBuffer {
    pub fn build_simple(text: &str, cx: &mut gpui::AppContext) -> ModelHandle<Self> {
        let buffer = cx.add_model(|cx| Buffer::new(0, text, cx));
        cx.add_model(|cx| Self::singleton(buffer, cx))
    }

    pub fn build_random(rng: &mut impl rand::Rng, cx: &mut gpui::AppContext) -> ModelHandle<Self> {
        cx.add_model(|cx| {
            let mut multibuffer = MultiBuffer::new(0);
            let mutation_count = rng.gen_range(1..=5);
            multibuffer.randomly_edit_excerpts(rng, mutation_count, cx);
            multibuffer
        })
    }

    pub fn randomly_edit(
        &mut self,
        rng: &mut impl rand::Rng,
        edit_count: usize,
        cx: &mut ModelContext<Self>,
    ) {
        use util::RandomCharIter;

        let snapshot = self.read(cx);
        let mut edits: Vec<(Range<usize>, Arc<str>)> = Vec::new();
        let mut last_end = None;
        for _ in 0..edit_count {
            if last_end.map_or(false, |last_end| last_end >= snapshot.len()) {
                break;
            }

            let new_start = last_end.map_or(0, |last_end| last_end + 1);
            let end = snapshot.clip_offset(rng.gen_range(new_start..=snapshot.len()), Bias::Right);
            let start = snapshot.clip_offset(rng.gen_range(new_start..=end), Bias::Right);
            last_end = Some(end);

            let mut range = start..end;
            if rng.gen_bool(0.2) {
                mem::swap(&mut range.start, &mut range.end);
            }

            let new_text_len = rng.gen_range(0..10);
            let new_text: String = RandomCharIter::new(&mut *rng).take(new_text_len).collect();

            edits.push((range, new_text.into()));
        }
        log::info!("mutating multi-buffer with {:?}", edits);
        drop(snapshot);

        self.edit(edits, None, cx);
    }

    pub fn randomly_edit_excerpts(
        &mut self,
        rng: &mut impl rand::Rng,
        mutation_count: usize,
        cx: &mut ModelContext<Self>,
    ) {
        use rand::prelude::*;
        use std::env;
        use util::RandomCharIter;

        let max_excerpts = env::var("MAX_EXCERPTS")
            .map(|i| i.parse().expect("invalid `MAX_EXCERPTS` variable"))
            .unwrap_or(5);

        let mut buffers = Vec::new();
        for _ in 0..mutation_count {
            if rng.gen_bool(0.05) {
                log::info!("Clearing multi-buffer");
                self.clear(cx);
                continue;
            }

            let excerpt_ids = self.excerpt_ids();
            if excerpt_ids.is_empty() || (rng.gen() && excerpt_ids.len() < max_excerpts) {
                let buffer_handle = if rng.gen() || self.buffers.borrow().is_empty() {
                    let text = RandomCharIter::new(&mut *rng).take(10).collect::<String>();
                    buffers.push(cx.add_model(|cx| Buffer::new(0, text, cx)));
                    let buffer = buffers.last().unwrap().read(cx);
                    log::info!(
                        "Creating new buffer {} with text: {:?}",
                        buffer.remote_id(),
                        buffer.text()
                    );
                    buffers.last().unwrap().clone()
                } else {
                    self.buffers
                        .borrow()
                        .values()
                        .choose(rng)
                        .unwrap()
                        .buffer
                        .clone()
                };

                let buffer = buffer_handle.read(cx);
                let buffer_text = buffer.text();
                let ranges = (0..rng.gen_range(0..5))
                    .map(|_| {
                        let end_ix =
                            buffer.clip_offset(rng.gen_range(0..=buffer.len()), Bias::Right);
                        let start_ix = buffer.clip_offset(rng.gen_range(0..=end_ix), Bias::Left);
                        ExcerptRange {
                            context: start_ix..end_ix,
                            primary: None,
                        }
                    })
                    .collect::<Vec<_>>();
                log::info!(
                    "Inserting excerpts from buffer {} and ranges {:?}: {:?}",
                    buffer_handle.read(cx).remote_id(),
                    ranges.iter().map(|r| &r.context).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                    ranges
                        .iter()
                        .map(|r| &buffer_text[r.context.clone()])
                        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                );

                let excerpt_id = self.push_excerpts(buffer_handle.clone(), ranges, cx);
                log::info!("Inserted with ids: {:?}", excerpt_id);
            } else {
                let remove_count = rng.gen_range(1..=excerpt_ids.len());
                let mut excerpts_to_remove = excerpt_ids
                    .choose_multiple(rng, remove_count)
                    .cloned()
                    .collect::<Vec<_>>();
                let snapshot = self.snapshot.borrow();
                excerpts_to_remove.sort_unstable_by(|a, b| a.cmp(b, &*snapshot));
                drop(snapshot);
                log::info!("Removing excerpts {:?}", excerpts_to_remove);
                self.remove_excerpts(excerpts_to_remove, cx);
            }
        }
    }

    pub fn randomly_mutate(
        &mut self,
        rng: &mut impl rand::Rng,
        mutation_count: usize,
        cx: &mut ModelContext<Self>,
    ) {
        use rand::prelude::*;

        if rng.gen_bool(0.7) || self.singleton {
            let buffer = self
                .buffers
                .borrow()
                .values()
                .choose(rng)
                .map(|state| state.buffer.clone());

            if let Some(buffer) = buffer {
                buffer.update(cx, |buffer, cx| {
                    if rng.gen() {
                        buffer.randomly_edit(rng, mutation_count, cx);
                    } else {
                        buffer.randomly_undo_redo(rng, cx);
                    }
                });
            } else {
                self.randomly_edit(rng, mutation_count, cx);
            }
        } else {
            self.randomly_edit_excerpts(rng, mutation_count, cx);
        }

        self.check_invariants(cx);
    }

    fn check_invariants(&self, cx: &mut ModelContext<Self>) {
        let snapshot = self.read(cx);
        let excerpts = snapshot.excerpts.items(&());
        let excerpt_ids = snapshot.excerpt_ids.items(&());

        for (ix, excerpt) in excerpts.iter().enumerate() {
            if ix == 0 {
                if excerpt.locator <= Locator::min() {
                    panic!("invalid first excerpt locator {:?}", excerpt.locator);
                }
            } else {
                if excerpt.locator <= excerpts[ix - 1].locator {
                    panic!("excerpts are out-of-order: {:?}", excerpts);
                }
            }
        }

        for (ix, entry) in excerpt_ids.iter().enumerate() {
            if ix == 0 {
                if entry.id.cmp(&ExcerptId::min(), &*snapshot).is_le() {
                    panic!("invalid first excerpt id {:?}", entry.id);
                }
            } else {
                if entry.id <= excerpt_ids[ix - 1].id {
                    panic!("excerpt ids are out-of-order: {:?}", excerpt_ids);
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

impl Entity for MultiBuffer {
    type Event = Event;
}

impl MultiBufferSnapshot {
    pub fn text(&self) -> String {
        self.chunks(0..self.len(), false)
            .map(|chunk| chunk.text)
            .collect()
    }

    pub fn reversed_chars_at<T: ToOffset>(&self, position: T) -> impl Iterator<Item = char> + '_ {
        let mut offset = position.to_offset(self);
        let mut cursor = self.excerpts.cursor::<usize>();
        cursor.seek(&offset, Bias::Left, &());
        let mut excerpt_chunks = cursor.item().map(|excerpt| {
            let end_before_footer = cursor.start() + excerpt.text_summary.len;
            let start = excerpt.range.context.start.to_offset(&excerpt.buffer);
            let end = start + (cmp::min(offset, end_before_footer) - cursor.start());
            excerpt.buffer.reversed_chunks_in_range(start..end)
        });
        iter::from_fn(move || {
            if offset == *cursor.start() {
                cursor.prev(&());
                let excerpt = cursor.item()?;
                excerpt_chunks = Some(
                    excerpt
                        .buffer
                        .reversed_chunks_in_range(excerpt.range.context.clone()),
                );
            }

            let excerpt = cursor.item().unwrap();
            if offset == cursor.end(&()) && excerpt.has_trailing_newline {
                offset -= 1;
                Some("\n")
            } else {
                let chunk = excerpt_chunks.as_mut().unwrap().next().unwrap();
                offset -= chunk.len();
                Some(chunk)
            }
        })
        .flat_map(|c| c.chars().rev())
    }

    pub fn chars_at<T: ToOffset>(&self, position: T) -> impl Iterator<Item = char> + '_ {
        let offset = position.to_offset(self);
        self.text_for_range(offset..self.len())
            .flat_map(|chunk| chunk.chars())
    }

    pub fn text_for_range<T: ToOffset>(&self, range: Range<T>) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> + '_ {
        self.chunks(range, false).map(|chunk| chunk.text)
    }

    pub fn is_line_blank(&self, row: u32) -> bool {
        self.text_for_range(Point::new(row, 0)..Point::new(row, self.line_len(row)))
            .all(|chunk| chunk.matches(|c: char| !c.is_whitespace()).next().is_none())
    }

    pub fn contains_str_at<T>(&self, position: T, needle: &str) -> bool
    where
        T: ToOffset,
    {
        let position = position.to_offset(self);
        position == self.clip_offset(position, Bias::Left)
            && self
                .bytes_in_range(position..self.len())
                .flatten()
                .copied()
                .take(needle.len())
                .eq(needle.bytes())
    }

    pub fn surrounding_word<T: ToOffset>(&self, start: T) -> (Range<usize>, Option<CharKind>) {
        let mut start = start.to_offset(self);
        let mut end = start;
        let mut next_chars = self.chars_at(start).peekable();
        let mut prev_chars = self.reversed_chars_at(start).peekable();
        let word_kind = cmp::max(
            prev_chars.peek().copied().map(char_kind),
            next_chars.peek().copied().map(char_kind),
        );

        for ch in prev_chars {
            if Some(char_kind(ch)) == word_kind && ch != '\n' {
                start -= ch.len_utf8();
            } else {
                break;
            }
        }

        for ch in next_chars {
            if Some(char_kind(ch)) == word_kind && ch != '\n' {
                end += ch.len_utf8();
            } else {
                break;
            }
        }

        (start..end, word_kind)
    }

    pub fn as_singleton(&self) -> Option<(&ExcerptId, u64, &BufferSnapshot)> {
        if self.singleton {
            self.excerpts
                .iter()
                .next()
                .map(|e| (&e.id, e.buffer_id, &e.buffer))
        } else {
            None
        }
    }

    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
        self.excerpts.summary().text.len
    }

    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
        self.excerpts.summary().text.len == 0
    }

    pub fn max_buffer_row(&self) -> u32 {
        self.excerpts.summary().max_buffer_row
    }

    pub fn clip_offset(&self, offset: usize, bias: Bias) -> usize {
        if let Some((_, _, buffer)) = self.as_singleton() {
            return buffer.clip_offset(offset, bias);
        }

        let mut cursor = self.excerpts.cursor::<usize>();
        cursor.seek(&offset, Bias::Right, &());
        let overshoot = if let Some(excerpt) = cursor.item() {
            let excerpt_start = excerpt.range.context.start.to_offset(&excerpt.buffer);
            let buffer_offset = excerpt
                .buffer
                .clip_offset(excerpt_start + (offset - cursor.start()), bias);
            buffer_offset.saturating_sub(excerpt_start)
        } else {
            0
        };
        cursor.start() + overshoot
    }

    pub fn clip_point(&self, point: Point, bias: Bias) -> Point {
        if let Some((_, _, buffer)) = self.as_singleton() {
            return buffer.clip_point(point, bias);
        }

        let mut cursor = self.excerpts.cursor::<Point>();
        cursor.seek(&point, Bias::Right, &());
        let overshoot = if let Some(excerpt) = cursor.item() {
            let excerpt_start = excerpt.range.context.start.to_point(&excerpt.buffer);
            let buffer_point = excerpt
                .buffer
                .clip_point(excerpt_start + (point - cursor.start()), bias);
            buffer_point.saturating_sub(excerpt_start)
        } else {
            Point::zero()
        };
        *cursor.start() + overshoot
    }

    pub fn clip_offset_utf16(&self, offset: OffsetUtf16, bias: Bias) -> OffsetUtf16 {
        if let Some((_, _, buffer)) = self.as_singleton() {
            return buffer.clip_offset_utf16(offset, bias);
        }

        let mut cursor = self.excerpts.cursor::<OffsetUtf16>();
        cursor.seek(&offset, Bias::Right, &());
        let overshoot = if let Some(excerpt) = cursor.item() {
            let excerpt_start = excerpt.range.context.start.to_offset_utf16(&excerpt.buffer);
            let buffer_offset = excerpt
                .buffer
                .clip_offset_utf16(excerpt_start + (offset - cursor.start()), bias);
            OffsetUtf16(buffer_offset.0.saturating_sub(excerpt_start.0))
        } else {
            OffsetUtf16(0)
        };
        *cursor.start() + overshoot
    }

    pub fn clip_point_utf16(&self, point: Unclipped<PointUtf16>, bias: Bias) -> PointUtf16 {
        if let Some((_, _, buffer)) = self.as_singleton() {
            return buffer.clip_point_utf16(point, bias);
        }

        let mut cursor = self.excerpts.cursor::<PointUtf16>();
        cursor.seek(&point.0, Bias::Right, &());
        let overshoot = if let Some(excerpt) = cursor.item() {
            let excerpt_start = excerpt
                .buffer
                .offset_to_point_utf16(excerpt.range.context.start.to_offset(&excerpt.buffer));
            let buffer_point = excerpt
                .buffer
                .clip_point_utf16(Unclipped(excerpt_start + (point.0 - cursor.start())), bias);
            buffer_point.saturating_sub(excerpt_start)
        } else {
            PointUtf16::zero()
        };
        *cursor.start() + overshoot
    }

    pub fn bytes_in_range<T: ToOffset>(&self, range: Range<T>) -> MultiBufferBytes {
        let range = range.start.to_offset(self)..range.end.to_offset(self);
        let mut excerpts = self.excerpts.cursor::<usize>();
        excerpts.seek(&range.start, Bias::Right, &());

        let mut chunk = &[][..];
        let excerpt_bytes = if let Some(excerpt) = excerpts.item() {
            let mut excerpt_bytes = excerpt
                .bytes_in_range(range.start - excerpts.start()..range.end - excerpts.start());
            chunk = excerpt_bytes.next().unwrap_or(&[][..]);
            Some(excerpt_bytes)
        } else {
            None
        };

        MultiBufferBytes {
            range,
            excerpts,
            excerpt_bytes,
            chunk,
        }
    }

    pub fn buffer_rows(&self, start_row: u32) -> MultiBufferRows {
        let mut result = MultiBufferRows {
            buffer_row_range: 0..0,
            excerpts: self.excerpts.cursor(),
        };
        result.seek(start_row);
        result
    }

    pub fn chunks<T: ToOffset>(&self, range: Range<T>, language_aware: bool) -> MultiBufferChunks {
        let range = range.start.to_offset(self)..range.end.to_offset(self);
        let mut chunks = MultiBufferChunks {
            range: range.clone(),
            excerpts: self.excerpts.cursor(),
            excerpt_chunks: None,
            language_aware,
        };
        chunks.seek(range.start);
        chunks
    }

    pub fn offset_to_point(&self, offset: usize) -> Point {
        if let Some((_, _, buffer)) = self.as_singleton() {
            return buffer.offset_to_point(offset);
        }

        let mut cursor = self.excerpts.cursor::<(usize, Point)>();
        cursor.seek(&offset, Bias::Right, &());
        if let Some(excerpt) = cursor.item() {
            let (start_offset, start_point) = cursor.start();
            let overshoot = offset - start_offset;
            let excerpt_start_offset = excerpt.range.context.start.to_offset(&excerpt.buffer);
            let excerpt_start_point = excerpt.range.context.start.to_point(&excerpt.buffer);
            let buffer_point = excerpt
                .buffer
                .offset_to_point(excerpt_start_offset + overshoot);
            *start_point + (buffer_point - excerpt_start_point)
        } else {
            self.excerpts.summary().text.lines
        }
    }

    pub fn offset_to_point_utf16(&self, offset: usize) -> PointUtf16 {
        if let Some((_, _, buffer)) = self.as_singleton() {
            return buffer.offset_to_point_utf16(offset);
        }

        let mut cursor = self.excerpts.cursor::<(usize, PointUtf16)>();
        cursor.seek(&offset, Bias::Right, &());
        if let Some(excerpt) = cursor.item() {
            let (start_offset, start_point) = cursor.start();
            let overshoot = offset - start_offset;
            let excerpt_start_offset = excerpt.range.context.start.to_offset(&excerpt.buffer);
            let excerpt_start_point = excerpt.range.context.start.to_point_utf16(&excerpt.buffer);
            let buffer_point = excerpt
                .buffer
                .offset_to_point_utf16(excerpt_start_offset + overshoot);
            *start_point + (buffer_point - excerpt_start_point)
        } else {
            self.excerpts.summary().text.lines_utf16()
        }
    }

    pub fn point_to_point_utf16(&self, point: Point) -> PointUtf16 {
        if let Some((_, _, buffer)) = self.as_singleton() {
            return buffer.point_to_point_utf16(point);
        }

        let mut cursor = self.excerpts.cursor::<(Point, PointUtf16)>();
        cursor.seek(&point, Bias::Right, &());
        if let Some(excerpt) = cursor.item() {
            let (start_offset, start_point) = cursor.start();
            let overshoot = point - start_offset;
            let excerpt_start_point = excerpt.range.context.start.to_point(&excerpt.buffer);
            let excerpt_start_point_utf16 =
                excerpt.range.context.start.to_point_utf16(&excerpt.buffer);
            let buffer_point = excerpt
                .buffer
                .point_to_point_utf16(excerpt_start_point + overshoot);
            *start_point + (buffer_point - excerpt_start_point_utf16)
        } else {
            self.excerpts.summary().text.lines_utf16()
        }
    }

    pub fn point_to_offset(&self, point: Point) -> usize {
        if let Some((_, _, buffer)) = self.as_singleton() {
            return buffer.point_to_offset(point);
        }

        let mut cursor = self.excerpts.cursor::<(Point, usize)>();
        cursor.seek(&point, Bias::Right, &());
        if let Some(excerpt) = cursor.item() {
            let (start_point, start_offset) = cursor.start();
            let overshoot = point - start_point;
            let excerpt_start_offset = excerpt.range.context.start.to_offset(&excerpt.buffer);
            let excerpt_start_point = excerpt.range.context.start.to_point(&excerpt.buffer);
            let buffer_offset = excerpt
                .buffer
                .point_to_offset(excerpt_start_point + overshoot);
            *start_offset + buffer_offset - excerpt_start_offset
        } else {
            self.excerpts.summary().text.len
        }
    }

    pub fn offset_utf16_to_offset(&self, offset_utf16: OffsetUtf16) -> usize {
        if let Some((_, _, buffer)) = self.as_singleton() {
            return buffer.offset_utf16_to_offset(offset_utf16);
        }

        let mut cursor = self.excerpts.cursor::<(OffsetUtf16, usize)>();
        cursor.seek(&offset_utf16, Bias::Right, &());
        if let Some(excerpt) = cursor.item() {
            let (start_offset_utf16, start_offset) = cursor.start();
            let overshoot = offset_utf16 - start_offset_utf16;
            let excerpt_start_offset = excerpt.range.context.start.to_offset(&excerpt.buffer);
            let excerpt_start_offset_utf16 =
                excerpt.buffer.offset_to_offset_utf16(excerpt_start_offset);
            let buffer_offset = excerpt
                .buffer
                .offset_utf16_to_offset(excerpt_start_offset_utf16 + overshoot);
            *start_offset + (buffer_offset - excerpt_start_offset)
        } else {
            self.excerpts.summary().text.len
        }
    }

    pub fn offset_to_offset_utf16(&self, offset: usize) -> OffsetUtf16 {
        if let Some((_, _, buffer)) = self.as_singleton() {
            return buffer.offset_to_offset_utf16(offset);
        }

        let mut cursor = self.excerpts.cursor::<(usize, OffsetUtf16)>();
        cursor.seek(&offset, Bias::Right, &());
        if let Some(excerpt) = cursor.item() {
            let (start_offset, start_offset_utf16) = cursor.start();
            let overshoot = offset - start_offset;
            let excerpt_start_offset_utf16 =
                excerpt.range.context.start.to_offset_utf16(&excerpt.buffer);
            let excerpt_start_offset = excerpt
                .buffer
                .offset_utf16_to_offset(excerpt_start_offset_utf16);
            let buffer_offset_utf16 = excerpt
                .buffer
                .offset_to_offset_utf16(excerpt_start_offset + overshoot);
            *start_offset_utf16 + (buffer_offset_utf16 - excerpt_start_offset_utf16)
        } else {
            self.excerpts.summary().text.len_utf16
        }
    }

    pub fn point_utf16_to_offset(&self, point: PointUtf16) -> usize {
        if let Some((_, _, buffer)) = self.as_singleton() {
            return buffer.point_utf16_to_offset(point);
        }

        let mut cursor = self.excerpts.cursor::<(PointUtf16, usize)>();
        cursor.seek(&point, Bias::Right, &());
        if let Some(excerpt) = cursor.item() {
            let (start_point, start_offset) = cursor.start();
            let overshoot = point - start_point;
            let excerpt_start_offset = excerpt.range.context.start.to_offset(&excerpt.buffer);
            let excerpt_start_point = excerpt
                .buffer
                .offset_to_point_utf16(excerpt.range.context.start.to_offset(&excerpt.buffer));
            let buffer_offset = excerpt
                .buffer
                .point_utf16_to_offset(excerpt_start_point + overshoot);
            *start_offset + (buffer_offset - excerpt_start_offset)
        } else {
            self.excerpts.summary().text.len
        }
    }

    pub fn point_to_buffer_offset<T: ToOffset>(
        &self,
        point: T,
    ) -> Option<(&BufferSnapshot, usize)> {
        let offset = point.to_offset(&self);
        let mut cursor = self.excerpts.cursor::<usize>();
        cursor.seek(&offset, Bias::Right, &());
        if cursor.item().is_none() {
            cursor.prev(&());
        }

        cursor.item().map(|excerpt| {
            let excerpt_start = excerpt.range.context.start.to_offset(&excerpt.buffer);
            let buffer_point = excerpt_start + offset - *cursor.start();
            (&excerpt.buffer, buffer_point)
        })
    }

    pub fn suggested_indents(
        &self,
        rows: impl IntoIterator<Item = u32>,
        cx: &AppContext,
    ) -> BTreeMap<u32, IndentSize> {
        let mut result = BTreeMap::new();

        let mut rows_for_excerpt = Vec::new();
        let mut cursor = self.excerpts.cursor::<Point>();
        let mut rows = rows.into_iter().peekable();
        let mut prev_row = u32::MAX;
        let mut prev_language_indent_size = IndentSize::default();

        while let Some(row) = rows.next() {
            cursor.seek(&Point::new(row, 0), Bias::Right, &());
            let excerpt = match cursor.item() {
                Some(excerpt) => excerpt,
                _ => continue,
            };

            // Retrieve the language and indent size once for each disjoint region being indented.
            let single_indent_size = if row.saturating_sub(1) == prev_row {
                prev_language_indent_size
            } else {
                excerpt
                    .buffer
                    .language_indent_size_at(Point::new(row, 0), cx)
            };
            prev_language_indent_size = single_indent_size;
            prev_row = row;

            let start_buffer_row = excerpt.range.context.start.to_point(&excerpt.buffer).row;
            let start_multibuffer_row = cursor.start().row;

            rows_for_excerpt.push(row);
            while let Some(next_row) = rows.peek().copied() {
                if cursor.end(&()).row > next_row {
                    rows_for_excerpt.push(next_row);
                    rows.next();
                } else {
                    break;
                }
            }

            let buffer_rows = rows_for_excerpt
                .drain(..)
                .map(|row| start_buffer_row + row - start_multibuffer_row);
            let buffer_indents = excerpt
                .buffer
                .suggested_indents(buffer_rows, single_indent_size);
            let multibuffer_indents = buffer_indents
                .into_iter()
                .map(|(row, indent)| (start_multibuffer_row + row - start_buffer_row, indent));
            result.extend(multibuffer_indents);
        }

        result
    }

    pub fn indent_size_for_line(&self, row: u32) -> IndentSize {
        if let Some((buffer, range)) = self.buffer_line_for_row(row) {
            let mut size = buffer.indent_size_for_line(range.start.row);
            size.len = size
                .len
                .min(range.end.column)
                .saturating_sub(range.start.column);
            size
        } else {
            IndentSize::spaces(0)
        }
    }

    pub fn line_len(&self, row: u32) -> u32 {
        if let Some((_, range)) = self.buffer_line_for_row(row) {
            range.end.column - range.start.column
        } else {
            0
        }
    }

    pub fn buffer_line_for_row(&self, row: u32) -> Option<(&BufferSnapshot, Range<Point>)> {
        let mut cursor = self.excerpts.cursor::<Point>();
        let point = Point::new(row, 0);
        cursor.seek(&point, Bias::Right, &());
        if cursor.item().is_none() && *cursor.start() == point {
            cursor.prev(&());
        }
        if let Some(excerpt) = cursor.item() {
            let overshoot = row - cursor.start().row;
            let excerpt_start = excerpt.range.context.start.to_point(&excerpt.buffer);
            let excerpt_end = excerpt.range.context.end.to_point(&excerpt.buffer);
            let buffer_row = excerpt_start.row + overshoot;
            let line_start = Point::new(buffer_row, 0);
            let line_end = Point::new(buffer_row, excerpt.buffer.line_len(buffer_row));
            return Some((
                &excerpt.buffer,
                line_start.max(excerpt_start)..line_end.min(excerpt_end),
            ));
        }
        None
    }

    pub fn max_point(&self) -> Point {
        self.text_summary().lines
    }

    pub fn text_summary(&self) -> TextSummary {
        self.excerpts.summary().text.clone()
    }

    pub fn text_summary_for_range<D, O>(&self, range: Range<O>) -> D
    where
        D: TextDimension,
        O: ToOffset,
    {
        let mut summary = D::default();
        let mut range = range.start.to_offset(self)..range.end.to_offset(self);
        let mut cursor = self.excerpts.cursor::<usize>();
        cursor.seek(&range.start, Bias::Right, &());
        if let Some(excerpt) = cursor.item() {
            let mut end_before_newline = cursor.end(&());
            if excerpt.has_trailing_newline {
                end_before_newline -= 1;
            }

            let excerpt_start = excerpt.range.context.start.to_offset(&excerpt.buffer);
            let start_in_excerpt = excerpt_start + (range.start - cursor.start());
            let end_in_excerpt =
                excerpt_start + (cmp::min(end_before_newline, range.end) - cursor.start());
            summary.add_assign(
                &excerpt
                    .buffer
                    .text_summary_for_range(start_in_excerpt..end_in_excerpt),
            );

            if range.end > end_before_newline {
                summary.add_assign(&D::from_text_summary(&TextSummary::from("\n")));
            }

            cursor.next(&());
        }

        if range.end > *cursor.start() {
            summary.add_assign(&D::from_text_summary(&cursor.summary::<_, TextSummary>(
                &range.end,
                Bias::Right,
                &(),
            )));
            if let Some(excerpt) = cursor.item() {
                range.end = cmp::max(*cursor.start(), range.end);

                let excerpt_start = excerpt.range.context.start.to_offset(&excerpt.buffer);
                let end_in_excerpt = excerpt_start + (range.end - cursor.start());
                summary.add_assign(
                    &excerpt
                        .buffer
                        .text_summary_for_range(excerpt_start..end_in_excerpt),
                );
            }
        }

        summary
    }

    pub fn summary_for_anchor<D>(&self, anchor: &Anchor) -> D
    where
        D: TextDimension + Ord + Sub<D, Output = D>,
    {
        let mut cursor = self.excerpts.cursor::<ExcerptSummary>();
        let locator = self.excerpt_locator_for_id(anchor.excerpt_id);

        cursor.seek(locator, Bias::Left, &());
        if cursor.item().is_none() {
            cursor.next(&());
        }

        let mut position = D::from_text_summary(&cursor.start().text);
        if let Some(excerpt) = cursor.item() {
            if excerpt.id == anchor.excerpt_id {
                let excerpt_buffer_start =
                    excerpt.range.context.start.summary::<D>(&excerpt.buffer);
                let excerpt_buffer_end = excerpt.range.context.end.summary::<D>(&excerpt.buffer);
                let buffer_position = cmp::min(
                    excerpt_buffer_end,
                    anchor.text_anchor.summary::<D>(&excerpt.buffer),
                );
                if buffer_position > excerpt_buffer_start {
                    position.add_assign(&(buffer_position - excerpt_buffer_start));
                }
            }
        }
        position
    }

    pub fn summaries_for_anchors<'a, D, I>(&'a self, anchors: I) -> Vec<D>
    where
        D: TextDimension + Ord + Sub<D, Output = D>,
        I: 'a + IntoIterator<Item = &'a Anchor>,
    {
        if let Some((_, _, buffer)) = self.as_singleton() {
            return buffer
                .summaries_for_anchors(anchors.into_iter().map(|a| &a.text_anchor))
                .collect();
        }

        let mut anchors = anchors.into_iter().peekable();
        let mut cursor = self.excerpts.cursor::<ExcerptSummary>();
        let mut summaries = Vec::new();
        while let Some(anchor) = anchors.peek() {
            let excerpt_id = anchor.excerpt_id;
            let excerpt_anchors = iter::from_fn(|| {
                let anchor = anchors.peek()?;
                if anchor.excerpt_id == excerpt_id {
                    Some(&anchors.next().unwrap().text_anchor)
                } else {
                    None
                }
            });

            let locator = self.excerpt_locator_for_id(excerpt_id);
            cursor.seek_forward(locator, Bias::Left, &());
            if cursor.item().is_none() {
                cursor.next(&());
            }

            let position = D::from_text_summary(&cursor.start().text);
            if let Some(excerpt) = cursor.item() {
                if excerpt.id == excerpt_id {
                    let excerpt_buffer_start =
                        excerpt.range.context.start.summary::<D>(&excerpt.buffer);
                    let excerpt_buffer_end =
                        excerpt.range.context.end.summary::<D>(&excerpt.buffer);
                    summaries.extend(
                        excerpt
                            .buffer
                            .summaries_for_anchors::<D, _>(excerpt_anchors)
                            .map(move |summary| {
                                let summary = cmp::min(excerpt_buffer_end.clone(), summary);
                                let mut position = position.clone();
                                let excerpt_buffer_start = excerpt_buffer_start.clone();
                                if summary > excerpt_buffer_start {
                                    position.add_assign(&(summary - excerpt_buffer_start));
                                }
                                position
                            }),
                    );
                    continue;
                }
            }

            summaries.extend(excerpt_anchors.map(|_| position.clone()));
        }

        summaries
    }

    pub fn refresh_anchors<'a, I>(&'a self, anchors: I) -> Vec<(usize, Anchor, bool)>
    where
        I: 'a + IntoIterator<Item = &'a Anchor>,
    {
        let mut anchors = anchors.into_iter().enumerate().peekable();
        let mut cursor = self.excerpts.cursor::<Option<&Locator>>();
        cursor.next(&());

        let mut result = Vec::new();

        while let Some((_, anchor)) = anchors.peek() {
            let old_excerpt_id = anchor.excerpt_id;

            // Find the location where this anchor's excerpt should be.
            let old_locator = self.excerpt_locator_for_id(old_excerpt_id);
            cursor.seek_forward(&Some(old_locator), Bias::Left, &());

            if cursor.item().is_none() {
                cursor.next(&());
            }

            let next_excerpt = cursor.item();
            let prev_excerpt = cursor.prev_item();

            // Process all of the anchors for this excerpt.
            while let Some((_, anchor)) = anchors.peek() {
                if anchor.excerpt_id != old_excerpt_id {
                    break;
                }
                let (anchor_ix, anchor) = anchors.next().unwrap();
                let mut anchor = *anchor;

                // Leave min and max anchors unchanged if invalid or
                // if the old excerpt still exists at this location
                let mut kept_position = next_excerpt
                    .map_or(false, |e| e.id == old_excerpt_id && e.contains(&anchor))
                    || old_excerpt_id == ExcerptId::max()
                    || old_excerpt_id == ExcerptId::min();

                // If the old excerpt no longer exists at this location, then attempt to
                // find an equivalent position for this anchor in an adjacent excerpt.
                if !kept_position {
                    for excerpt in [next_excerpt, prev_excerpt].iter().filter_map(|e| *e) {
                        if excerpt.contains(&anchor) {
                            anchor.excerpt_id = excerpt.id.clone();
                            kept_position = true;
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                }

                // If there's no adjacent excerpt that contains the anchor's position,
                // then report that the anchor has lost its position.
                if !kept_position {
                    anchor = if let Some(excerpt) = next_excerpt {
                        let mut text_anchor = excerpt
                            .range
                            .context
                            .start
                            .bias(anchor.text_anchor.bias, &excerpt.buffer);
                        if text_anchor
                            .cmp(&excerpt.range.context.end, &excerpt.buffer)
                            .is_gt()
                        {
                            text_anchor = excerpt.range.context.end;
                        }
                        Anchor {
                            buffer_id: Some(excerpt.buffer_id),
                            excerpt_id: excerpt.id.clone(),
                            text_anchor,
                        }
                    } else if let Some(excerpt) = prev_excerpt {
                        let mut text_anchor = excerpt
                            .range
                            .context
                            .end
                            .bias(anchor.text_anchor.bias, &excerpt.buffer);
                        if text_anchor
                            .cmp(&excerpt.range.context.start, &excerpt.buffer)
                            .is_lt()
                        {
                            text_anchor = excerpt.range.context.start;
                        }
                        Anchor {
                            buffer_id: Some(excerpt.buffer_id),
                            excerpt_id: excerpt.id.clone(),
                            text_anchor,
                        }
                    } else if anchor.text_anchor.bias == Bias::Left {
                        Anchor::min()
                    } else {
                        Anchor::max()
                    };
                }

                result.push((anchor_ix, anchor, kept_position));
            }
        }
        result.sort_unstable_by(|a, b| a.1.cmp(&b.1, self));
        result
    }

    pub fn anchor_before<T: ToOffset>(&self, position: T) -> Anchor {
        self.anchor_at(position, Bias::Left)
    }

    pub fn anchor_after<T: ToOffset>(&self, position: T) -> Anchor {
        self.anchor_at(position, Bias::Right)
    }

    pub fn anchor_at<T: ToOffset>(&self, position: T, mut bias: Bias) -> Anchor {
        let offset = position.to_offset(self);
        if let Some((excerpt_id, buffer_id, buffer)) = self.as_singleton() {
            return Anchor {
                buffer_id: Some(buffer_id),
                excerpt_id: excerpt_id.clone(),
                text_anchor: buffer.anchor_at(offset, bias),
            };
        }

        let mut cursor = self.excerpts.cursor::<(usize, Option<ExcerptId>)>();
        cursor.seek(&offset, Bias::Right, &());
        if cursor.item().is_none() && offset == cursor.start().0 && bias == Bias::Left {
            cursor.prev(&());
        }
        if let Some(excerpt) = cursor.item() {
            let mut overshoot = offset.saturating_sub(cursor.start().0);
            if excerpt.has_trailing_newline && offset == cursor.end(&()).0 {
                overshoot -= 1;
                bias = Bias::Right;
            }

            let buffer_start = excerpt.range.context.start.to_offset(&excerpt.buffer);
            let text_anchor =
                excerpt.clip_anchor(excerpt.buffer.anchor_at(buffer_start + overshoot, bias));
            Anchor {
                buffer_id: Some(excerpt.buffer_id),
                excerpt_id: excerpt.id.clone(),
                text_anchor,
            }
        } else if offset == 0 && bias == Bias::Left {
            Anchor::min()
        } else {
            Anchor::max()
        }
    }

    pub fn anchor_in_excerpt(&self, excerpt_id: ExcerptId, text_anchor: text::Anchor) -> Anchor {
        let locator = self.excerpt_locator_for_id(excerpt_id);
        let mut cursor = self.excerpts.cursor::<Option<&Locator>>();
        cursor.seek(locator, Bias::Left, &());
        if let Some(excerpt) = cursor.item() {
            if excerpt.id == excerpt_id {
                let text_anchor = excerpt.clip_anchor(text_anchor);
                drop(cursor);
                return Anchor {
                    buffer_id: Some(excerpt.buffer_id),
                    excerpt_id,
                    text_anchor,
                };
            }
        }
        panic!("excerpt not found");
    }

    pub fn can_resolve(&self, anchor: &Anchor) -> bool {
        if anchor.excerpt_id == ExcerptId::min() || anchor.excerpt_id == ExcerptId::max() {
            true
        } else if let Some(excerpt) = self.excerpt(anchor.excerpt_id) {
            excerpt.buffer.can_resolve(&anchor.text_anchor)
        } else {
            false
        }
    }

    pub fn excerpts(
        &self,
    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (ExcerptId, &BufferSnapshot, ExcerptRange<text::Anchor>)> {
        self.excerpts
            .iter()
            .map(|excerpt| (excerpt.id, &excerpt.buffer, excerpt.range.clone()))
    }

    pub fn excerpt_boundaries_in_range<R, T>(
        &self,
        range: R,
    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = ExcerptBoundary> + '_
    where
        R: RangeBounds<T>,
        T: ToOffset,
    {
        let start_offset;
        let start = match range.start_bound() {
            Bound::Included(start) => {
                start_offset = start.to_offset(self);
                Bound::Included(start_offset)
            }
            Bound::Excluded(start) => {
                start_offset = start.to_offset(self);
                Bound::Excluded(start_offset)
            }
            Bound::Unbounded => {
                start_offset = 0;
                Bound::Unbounded
            }
        };
        let end = match range.end_bound() {
            Bound::Included(end) => Bound::Included(end.to_offset(self)),
            Bound::Excluded(end) => Bound::Excluded(end.to_offset(self)),
            Bound::Unbounded => Bound::Unbounded,
        };
        let bounds = (start, end);

        let mut cursor = self.excerpts.cursor::<(usize, Point)>();
        cursor.seek(&start_offset, Bias::Right, &());
        if cursor.item().is_none() {
            cursor.prev(&());
        }
        if !bounds.contains(&cursor.start().0) {
            cursor.next(&());
        }

        let mut prev_buffer_id = cursor.prev_item().map(|excerpt| excerpt.buffer_id);
        std::iter::from_fn(move || {
            if self.singleton {
                None
            } else if bounds.contains(&cursor.start().0) {
                let excerpt = cursor.item()?;
                let starts_new_buffer = Some(excerpt.buffer_id) != prev_buffer_id;
                let boundary = ExcerptBoundary {
                    id: excerpt.id.clone(),
                    row: cursor.start().1.row,
                    buffer: excerpt.buffer.clone(),
                    range: excerpt.range.clone(),
                    starts_new_buffer,
                };

                prev_buffer_id = Some(excerpt.buffer_id);
                cursor.next(&());
                Some(boundary)
            } else {
                None
            }
        })
    }

    pub fn edit_count(&self) -> usize {
        self.edit_count
    }

    pub fn parse_count(&self) -> usize {
        self.parse_count
    }

    /// Returns the smallest enclosing bracket ranges containing the given range or
    /// None if no brackets contain range or the range is not contained in a single
    /// excerpt
    pub fn innermost_enclosing_bracket_ranges<T: ToOffset>(
        &self,
        range: Range<T>,
    ) -> Option<(Range<usize>, Range<usize>)> {
        let range = range.start.to_offset(self)..range.end.to_offset(self);

        // Get the ranges of the innermost pair of brackets.
        let mut result: Option<(Range<usize>, Range<usize>)> = None;

        let Some(enclosing_bracket_ranges) = self.enclosing_bracket_ranges(range.clone()) else { return None; };

        for (open, close) in enclosing_bracket_ranges {
            let len = close.end - open.start;

            if let Some((existing_open, existing_close)) = &result {
                let existing_len = existing_close.end - existing_open.start;
                if len > existing_len {
                    continue;
                }
            }

            result = Some((open, close));
        }

        result
    }

    /// Returns enclosing bracket ranges containing the given range or returns None if the range is
    /// not contained in a single excerpt
    pub fn enclosing_bracket_ranges<'a, T: ToOffset>(
        &'a self,
        range: Range<T>,
    ) -> Option<impl Iterator<Item = (Range<usize>, Range<usize>)> + 'a> {
        let range = range.start.to_offset(self)..range.end.to_offset(self);

        self.bracket_ranges(range.clone()).map(|range_pairs| {
            range_pairs
                .filter(move |(open, close)| open.start <= range.start && close.end >= range.end)
        })
    }

    /// Returns bracket range pairs overlapping the given `range` or returns None if the `range` is
    /// not contained in a single excerpt
    pub fn bracket_ranges<'a, T: ToOffset>(
        &'a self,
        range: Range<T>,
    ) -> Option<impl Iterator<Item = (Range<usize>, Range<usize>)> + 'a> {
        let range = range.start.to_offset(self)..range.end.to_offset(self);
        let excerpt = self.excerpt_containing(range.clone());
        excerpt.map(|(excerpt, excerpt_offset)| {
            let excerpt_buffer_start = excerpt.range.context.start.to_offset(&excerpt.buffer);
            let excerpt_buffer_end = excerpt_buffer_start + excerpt.text_summary.len;

            let start_in_buffer = excerpt_buffer_start + range.start.saturating_sub(excerpt_offset);
            let end_in_buffer = excerpt_buffer_start + range.end.saturating_sub(excerpt_offset);

            excerpt
                .buffer
                .bracket_ranges(start_in_buffer..end_in_buffer)
                .filter_map(move |(start_bracket_range, end_bracket_range)| {
                    if start_bracket_range.start < excerpt_buffer_start
                        || end_bracket_range.end > excerpt_buffer_end
                    {
                        return None;
                    }

                    let mut start_bracket_range = start_bracket_range.clone();
                    start_bracket_range.start =
                        excerpt_offset + (start_bracket_range.start - excerpt_buffer_start);
                    start_bracket_range.end =
                        excerpt_offset + (start_bracket_range.end - excerpt_buffer_start);

                    let mut end_bracket_range = end_bracket_range.clone();
                    end_bracket_range.start =
                        excerpt_offset + (end_bracket_range.start - excerpt_buffer_start);
                    end_bracket_range.end =
                        excerpt_offset + (end_bracket_range.end - excerpt_buffer_start);
                    Some((start_bracket_range, end_bracket_range))
                })
        })
    }

    pub fn diagnostics_update_count(&self) -> usize {
        self.diagnostics_update_count
    }

    pub fn git_diff_update_count(&self) -> usize {
        self.git_diff_update_count
    }

    pub fn trailing_excerpt_update_count(&self) -> usize {
        self.trailing_excerpt_update_count
    }

    pub fn file_at<'a, T: ToOffset>(&'a self, point: T) -> Option<&'a Arc<dyn File>> {
        self.point_to_buffer_offset(point)
            .and_then(|(buffer, _)| buffer.file())
    }

    pub fn language_at<'a, T: ToOffset>(&'a self, point: T) -> Option<&'a Arc<Language>> {
        self.point_to_buffer_offset(point)
            .and_then(|(buffer, offset)| buffer.language_at(offset))
    }

    pub fn settings_at<'a, T: ToOffset>(
        &'a self,
        point: T,
        cx: &'a AppContext,
    ) -> &'a LanguageSettings {
        self.point_to_buffer_offset(point)
            .map(|(buffer, offset)| buffer.settings_at(offset, cx))
            .unwrap_or_else(|| language_settings(None, cx))
    }

    pub fn language_scope_at<'a, T: ToOffset>(&'a self, point: T) -> Option<LanguageScope> {
        self.point_to_buffer_offset(point)
            .and_then(|(buffer, offset)| buffer.language_scope_at(offset))
    }

    pub fn language_indent_size_at<T: ToOffset>(
        &self,
        position: T,
        cx: &AppContext,
    ) -> Option<IndentSize> {
        let (buffer_snapshot, offset) = self.point_to_buffer_offset(position)?;
        Some(buffer_snapshot.language_indent_size_at(offset, cx))
    }

    pub fn is_dirty(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_dirty
    }

    pub fn has_conflict(&self) -> bool {
        self.has_conflict
    }

    pub fn diagnostic_group<'a, O>(
        &'a self,
        group_id: usize,
    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = DiagnosticEntry<O>> + 'a
    where
        O: text::FromAnchor + 'a,
    {
        self.as_singleton()
            .into_iter()
            .flat_map(move |(_, _, buffer)| buffer.diagnostic_group(group_id))
    }

    pub fn diagnostics_in_range<'a, T, O>(
        &'a self,
        range: Range<T>,
        reversed: bool,
    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = DiagnosticEntry<O>> + 'a
    where
        T: 'a + ToOffset,
        O: 'a + text::FromAnchor + Ord,
    {
        self.as_singleton()
            .into_iter()
            .flat_map(move |(_, _, buffer)| {
                buffer.diagnostics_in_range(
                    range.start.to_offset(self)..range.end.to_offset(self),
                    reversed,
                )
            })
    }

    pub fn has_git_diffs(&self) -> bool {
        for excerpt in self.excerpts.iter() {
            if !excerpt.buffer.git_diff.is_empty() {
                return true;
            }
        }
        false
    }

    pub fn git_diff_hunks_in_range_rev<'a>(
        &'a self,
        row_range: Range<u32>,
    ) -> impl 'a + Iterator<Item = DiffHunk<u32>> {
        let mut cursor = self.excerpts.cursor::<Point>();

        cursor.seek(&Point::new(row_range.end, 0), Bias::Left, &());
        if cursor.item().is_none() {
            cursor.prev(&());
        }

        std::iter::from_fn(move || {
            let excerpt = cursor.item()?;
            let multibuffer_start = *cursor.start();
            let multibuffer_end = multibuffer_start + excerpt.text_summary.lines;
            if multibuffer_start.row >= row_range.end {
                return None;
            }

            let mut buffer_start = excerpt.range.context.start;
            let mut buffer_end = excerpt.range.context.end;
            let excerpt_start_point = buffer_start.to_point(&excerpt.buffer);
            let excerpt_end_point = excerpt_start_point + excerpt.text_summary.lines;

            if row_range.start > multibuffer_start.row {
                let buffer_start_point =
                    excerpt_start_point + Point::new(row_range.start - multibuffer_start.row, 0);
                buffer_start = excerpt.buffer.anchor_before(buffer_start_point);
            }

            if row_range.end < multibuffer_end.row {
                let buffer_end_point =
                    excerpt_start_point + Point::new(row_range.end - multibuffer_start.row, 0);
                buffer_end = excerpt.buffer.anchor_before(buffer_end_point);
            }

            let buffer_hunks = excerpt
                .buffer
                .git_diff_hunks_intersecting_range_rev(buffer_start..buffer_end)
                .filter_map(move |hunk| {
                    let start = multibuffer_start.row
                        + hunk
                            .buffer_range
                            .start
                            .saturating_sub(excerpt_start_point.row);
                    let end = multibuffer_start.row
                        + hunk
                            .buffer_range
                            .end
                            .min(excerpt_end_point.row + 1)
                            .saturating_sub(excerpt_start_point.row);

                    Some(DiffHunk {
                        buffer_range: start..end,
                        diff_base_byte_range: hunk.diff_base_byte_range.clone(),
                    })
                });

            cursor.prev(&());

            Some(buffer_hunks)
        })
        .flatten()
    }

    pub fn git_diff_hunks_in_range<'a>(
        &'a self,
        row_range: Range<u32>,
    ) -> impl 'a + Iterator<Item = DiffHunk<u32>> {
        let mut cursor = self.excerpts.cursor::<Point>();

        cursor.seek(&Point::new(row_range.start, 0), Bias::Right, &());

        std::iter::from_fn(move || {
            let excerpt = cursor.item()?;
            let multibuffer_start = *cursor.start();
            let multibuffer_end = multibuffer_start + excerpt.text_summary.lines;
            if multibuffer_start.row >= row_range.end {
                return None;
            }

            let mut buffer_start = excerpt.range.context.start;
            let mut buffer_end = excerpt.range.context.end;
            let excerpt_start_point = buffer_start.to_point(&excerpt.buffer);
            let excerpt_end_point = excerpt_start_point + excerpt.text_summary.lines;

            if row_range.start > multibuffer_start.row {
                let buffer_start_point =
                    excerpt_start_point + Point::new(row_range.start - multibuffer_start.row, 0);
                buffer_start = excerpt.buffer.anchor_before(buffer_start_point);
            }

            if row_range.end < multibuffer_end.row {
                let buffer_end_point =
                    excerpt_start_point + Point::new(row_range.end - multibuffer_start.row, 0);
                buffer_end = excerpt.buffer.anchor_before(buffer_end_point);
            }

            let buffer_hunks = excerpt
                .buffer
                .git_diff_hunks_intersecting_range(buffer_start..buffer_end)
                .filter_map(move |hunk| {
                    let start = multibuffer_start.row
                        + hunk
                            .buffer_range
                            .start
                            .saturating_sub(excerpt_start_point.row);
                    let end = multibuffer_start.row
                        + hunk
                            .buffer_range
                            .end
                            .min(excerpt_end_point.row + 1)
                            .saturating_sub(excerpt_start_point.row);

                    Some(DiffHunk {
                        buffer_range: start..end,
                        diff_base_byte_range: hunk.diff_base_byte_range.clone(),
                    })
                });

            cursor.next(&());

            Some(buffer_hunks)
        })
        .flatten()
    }

    pub fn range_for_syntax_ancestor<T: ToOffset>(&self, range: Range<T>) -> Option<Range<usize>> {
        let range = range.start.to_offset(self)..range.end.to_offset(self);

        self.excerpt_containing(range.clone())
            .and_then(|(excerpt, excerpt_offset)| {
                let excerpt_buffer_start = excerpt.range.context.start.to_offset(&excerpt.buffer);
                let excerpt_buffer_end = excerpt_buffer_start + excerpt.text_summary.len;

                let start_in_buffer =
                    excerpt_buffer_start + range.start.saturating_sub(excerpt_offset);
                let end_in_buffer = excerpt_buffer_start + range.end.saturating_sub(excerpt_offset);
                let mut ancestor_buffer_range = excerpt
                    .buffer
                    .range_for_syntax_ancestor(start_in_buffer..end_in_buffer)?;
                ancestor_buffer_range.start =
                    cmp::max(ancestor_buffer_range.start, excerpt_buffer_start);
                ancestor_buffer_range.end = cmp::min(ancestor_buffer_range.end, excerpt_buffer_end);

                let start = excerpt_offset + (ancestor_buffer_range.start - excerpt_buffer_start);
                let end = excerpt_offset + (ancestor_buffer_range.end - excerpt_buffer_start);
                Some(start..end)
            })
    }

    pub fn outline(&self, theme: Option<&SyntaxTheme>) -> Option<Outline<Anchor>> {
        let (excerpt_id, _, buffer) = self.as_singleton()?;
        let outline = buffer.outline(theme)?;
        Some(Outline::new(
            outline
                .items
                .into_iter()
                .map(|item| OutlineItem {
                    depth: item.depth,
                    range: self.anchor_in_excerpt(excerpt_id.clone(), item.range.start)
                        ..self.anchor_in_excerpt(excerpt_id.clone(), item.range.end),
                    text: item.text,
                    highlight_ranges: item.highlight_ranges,
                    name_ranges: item.name_ranges,
                })
                .collect(),
        ))
    }

    pub fn symbols_containing<T: ToOffset>(
        &self,
        offset: T,
        theme: Option<&SyntaxTheme>,
    ) -> Option<(u64, Vec<OutlineItem<Anchor>>)> {
        let anchor = self.anchor_before(offset);
        let excerpt_id = anchor.excerpt_id();
        let excerpt = self.excerpt(excerpt_id)?;
        Some((
            excerpt.buffer_id,
            excerpt
                .buffer
                .symbols_containing(anchor.text_anchor, theme)
                .into_iter()
                .flatten()
                .map(|item| OutlineItem {
                    depth: item.depth,
                    range: self.anchor_in_excerpt(excerpt_id, item.range.start)
                        ..self.anchor_in_excerpt(excerpt_id, item.range.end),
                    text: item.text,
                    highlight_ranges: item.highlight_ranges,
                    name_ranges: item.name_ranges,
                })
                .collect(),
        ))
    }

    fn excerpt_locator_for_id<'a>(&'a self, id: ExcerptId) -> &'a Locator {
        if id == ExcerptId::min() {
            Locator::min_ref()
        } else if id == ExcerptId::max() {
            Locator::max_ref()
        } else {
            let mut cursor = self.excerpt_ids.cursor::<ExcerptId>();
            cursor.seek(&id, Bias::Left, &());
            if let Some(entry) = cursor.item() {
                if entry.id == id {
                    return &entry.locator;
                }
            }
            panic!("invalid excerpt id {:?}", id)
        }
    }

    pub fn buffer_id_for_excerpt(&self, excerpt_id: ExcerptId) -> Option<u64> {
        Some(self.excerpt(excerpt_id)?.buffer_id)
    }

    pub fn buffer_for_excerpt(&self, excerpt_id: ExcerptId) -> Option<&BufferSnapshot> {
        Some(&self.excerpt(excerpt_id)?.buffer)
    }

    fn excerpt<'a>(&'a self, excerpt_id: ExcerptId) -> Option<&'a Excerpt> {
        let mut cursor = self.excerpts.cursor::<Option<&Locator>>();
        let locator = self.excerpt_locator_for_id(excerpt_id);
        cursor.seek(&Some(locator), Bias::Left, &());
        if let Some(excerpt) = cursor.item() {
            if excerpt.id == excerpt_id {
                return Some(excerpt);
            }
        }
        None
    }

    /// Returns the excerpt containing range and its offset start within the multibuffer or none if `range` spans multiple excerpts
    fn excerpt_containing<'a, T: ToOffset>(
        &'a self,
        range: Range<T>,
    ) -> Option<(&'a Excerpt, usize)> {
        let range = range.start.to_offset(self)..range.end.to_offset(self);

        let mut cursor = self.excerpts.cursor::<usize>();
        cursor.seek(&range.start, Bias::Right, &());
        let start_excerpt = cursor.item();

        if range.start == range.end {
            return start_excerpt.map(|excerpt| (excerpt, *cursor.start()));
        }

        cursor.seek(&range.end, Bias::Right, &());
        let end_excerpt = cursor.item();

        start_excerpt
            .zip(end_excerpt)
            .and_then(|(start_excerpt, end_excerpt)| {
                if start_excerpt.id != end_excerpt.id {
                    return None;
                }

                Some((start_excerpt, *cursor.start()))
            })
    }

    pub fn remote_selections_in_range<'a>(
        &'a self,
        range: &'a Range<Anchor>,
    ) -> impl 'a + Iterator<Item = (ReplicaId, bool, CursorShape, Selection<Anchor>)> {
        let mut cursor = self.excerpts.cursor::<ExcerptSummary>();
        let start_locator = self.excerpt_locator_for_id(range.start.excerpt_id);
        let end_locator = self.excerpt_locator_for_id(range.end.excerpt_id);
        cursor.seek(start_locator, Bias::Left, &());
        cursor
            .take_while(move |excerpt| excerpt.locator <= *end_locator)
            .flat_map(move |excerpt| {
                let mut query_range = excerpt.range.context.start..excerpt.range.context.end;
                if excerpt.id == range.start.excerpt_id {
                    query_range.start = range.start.text_anchor;
                }
                if excerpt.id == range.end.excerpt_id {
                    query_range.end = range.end.text_anchor;
                }

                excerpt
                    .buffer
                    .remote_selections_in_range(query_range)
                    .flat_map(move |(replica_id, line_mode, cursor_shape, selections)| {
                        selections.map(move |selection| {
                            let mut start = Anchor {
                                buffer_id: Some(excerpt.buffer_id),
                                excerpt_id: excerpt.id.clone(),
                                text_anchor: selection.start,
                            };
                            let mut end = Anchor {
                                buffer_id: Some(excerpt.buffer_id),
                                excerpt_id: excerpt.id.clone(),
                                text_anchor: selection.end,
                            };
                            if range.start.cmp(&start, self).is_gt() {
                                start = range.start.clone();
                            }
                            if range.end.cmp(&end, self).is_lt() {
                                end = range.end.clone();
                            }

                            (
                                replica_id,
                                line_mode,
                                cursor_shape,
                                Selection {
                                    id: selection.id,
                                    start,
                                    end,
                                    reversed: selection.reversed,
                                    goal: selection.goal,
                                },
                            )
                        })
                    })
            })
    }
}

#[cfg(any(test, feature = "test-support"))]
impl MultiBufferSnapshot {
    pub fn random_byte_range(&self, start_offset: usize, rng: &mut impl rand::Rng) -> Range<usize> {
        let end = self.clip_offset(rng.gen_range(start_offset..=self.len()), Bias::Right);
        let start = self.clip_offset(rng.gen_range(start_offset..=end), Bias::Right);
        start..end
    }
}

impl History {
    fn start_transaction(&mut self, now: Instant) -> Option<TransactionId> {
        self.transaction_depth += 1;
        if self.transaction_depth == 1 {
            let id = self.next_transaction_id.tick();
            self.undo_stack.push(Transaction {
                id,
                buffer_transactions: Default::default(),
                first_edit_at: now,
                last_edit_at: now,
                suppress_grouping: false,
            });
            Some(id)
        } else {
            None
        }
    }

    fn end_transaction(
        &mut self,
        now: Instant,
        buffer_transactions: HashMap<u64, TransactionId>,
    ) -> bool {
        assert_ne!(self.transaction_depth, 0);
        self.transaction_depth -= 1;
        if self.transaction_depth == 0 {
            if buffer_transactions.is_empty() {
                self.undo_stack.pop();
                false
            } else {
                self.redo_stack.clear();
                let transaction = self.undo_stack.last_mut().unwrap();
                transaction.last_edit_at = now;
                for (buffer_id, transaction_id) in buffer_transactions {
                    transaction
                        .buffer_transactions
                        .entry(buffer_id)
                        .or_insert(transaction_id);
                }
                true
            }
        } else {
            false
        }
    }

    fn push_transaction<'a, T>(
        &mut self,
        buffer_transactions: T,
        now: Instant,
        cx: &mut ModelContext<MultiBuffer>,
    ) where
        T: IntoIterator<Item = (&'a ModelHandle<Buffer>, &'a language::Transaction)>,
    {
        assert_eq!(self.transaction_depth, 0);
        let transaction = Transaction {
            id: self.next_transaction_id.tick(),
            buffer_transactions: buffer_transactions
                .into_iter()
                .map(|(buffer, transaction)| (buffer.read(cx).remote_id(), transaction.id))
                .collect(),
            first_edit_at: now,
            last_edit_at: now,
            suppress_grouping: false,
        };
        if !transaction.buffer_transactions.is_empty() {
            self.undo_stack.push(transaction);
            self.redo_stack.clear();
        }
    }

    fn finalize_last_transaction(&mut self) {
        if let Some(transaction) = self.undo_stack.last_mut() {
            transaction.suppress_grouping = true;
        }
    }

    fn pop_undo(&mut self) -> Option<&mut Transaction> {
        assert_eq!(self.transaction_depth, 0);
        if let Some(transaction) = self.undo_stack.pop() {
            self.redo_stack.push(transaction);
            self.redo_stack.last_mut()
        } else {
            None
        }
    }

    fn pop_redo(&mut self) -> Option<&mut Transaction> {
        assert_eq!(self.transaction_depth, 0);
        if let Some(transaction) = self.redo_stack.pop() {
            self.undo_stack.push(transaction);
            self.undo_stack.last_mut()
        } else {
            None
        }
    }

    fn group(&mut self) -> Option<TransactionId> {
        let mut count = 0;
        let mut transactions = self.undo_stack.iter();
        if let Some(mut transaction) = transactions.next_back() {
            while let Some(prev_transaction) = transactions.next_back() {
                if !prev_transaction.suppress_grouping
                    && transaction.first_edit_at - prev_transaction.last_edit_at
                        <= self.group_interval
                {
                    transaction = prev_transaction;
                    count += 1;
                } else {
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
        self.group_trailing(count)
    }

    fn group_until(&mut self, transaction_id: TransactionId) {
        let mut count = 0;
        for transaction in self.undo_stack.iter().rev() {
            if transaction.id == transaction_id {
                self.group_trailing(count);
                break;
            } else if transaction.suppress_grouping {
                break;
            } else {
                count += 1;
            }
        }
    }

    fn group_trailing(&mut self, n: usize) -> Option<TransactionId> {
        let new_len = self.undo_stack.len() - n;
        let (transactions_to_keep, transactions_to_merge) = self.undo_stack.split_at_mut(new_len);
        if let Some(last_transaction) = transactions_to_keep.last_mut() {
            if let Some(transaction) = transactions_to_merge.last() {
                last_transaction.last_edit_at = transaction.last_edit_at;
            }
            for to_merge in transactions_to_merge {
                for (buffer_id, transaction_id) in &to_merge.buffer_transactions {
                    last_transaction
                        .buffer_transactions
                        .entry(*buffer_id)
                        .or_insert(*transaction_id);
                }
            }
        }

        self.undo_stack.truncate(new_len);
        self.undo_stack.last().map(|t| t.id)
    }
}

impl Excerpt {
    fn new(
        id: ExcerptId,
        locator: Locator,
        buffer_id: u64,
        buffer: BufferSnapshot,
        range: ExcerptRange<text::Anchor>,
        has_trailing_newline: bool,
    ) -> Self {
        Excerpt {
            id,
            locator,
            max_buffer_row: range.context.end.to_point(&buffer).row,
            text_summary: buffer
                .text_summary_for_range::<TextSummary, _>(range.context.to_offset(&buffer)),
            buffer_id,
            buffer,
            range,
            has_trailing_newline,
        }
    }

    fn chunks_in_range(&self, range: Range<usize>, language_aware: bool) -> ExcerptChunks {
        let content_start = self.range.context.start.to_offset(&self.buffer);
        let chunks_start = content_start + range.start;
        let chunks_end = content_start + cmp::min(range.end, self.text_summary.len);

        let footer_height = if self.has_trailing_newline
            && range.start <= self.text_summary.len
            && range.end > self.text_summary.len
        {
            1
        } else {
            0
        };

        let content_chunks = self.buffer.chunks(chunks_start..chunks_end, language_aware);

        ExcerptChunks {
            content_chunks,
            footer_height,
        }
    }

    fn bytes_in_range(&self, range: Range<usize>) -> ExcerptBytes {
        let content_start = self.range.context.start.to_offset(&self.buffer);
        let bytes_start = content_start + range.start;
        let bytes_end = content_start + cmp::min(range.end, self.text_summary.len);
        let footer_height = if self.has_trailing_newline
            && range.start <= self.text_summary.len
            && range.end > self.text_summary.len
        {
            1
        } else {
            0
        };
        let content_bytes = self.buffer.bytes_in_range(bytes_start..bytes_end);

        ExcerptBytes {
            content_bytes,
            footer_height,
        }
    }

    fn clip_anchor(&self, text_anchor: text::Anchor) -> text::Anchor {
        if text_anchor
            .cmp(&self.range.context.start, &self.buffer)
            .is_lt()
        {
            self.range.context.start
        } else if text_anchor
            .cmp(&self.range.context.end, &self.buffer)
            .is_gt()
        {
            self.range.context.end
        } else {
            text_anchor
        }
    }

    fn contains(&self, anchor: &Anchor) -> bool {
        Some(self.buffer_id) == anchor.buffer_id
            && self
                .range
                .context
                .start
                .cmp(&anchor.text_anchor, &self.buffer)
                .is_le()
            && self
                .range
                .context
                .end
                .cmp(&anchor.text_anchor, &self.buffer)
                .is_ge()
    }
}

impl ExcerptId {
    pub fn min() -> Self {
        Self(0)
    }

    pub fn max() -> Self {
        Self(usize::MAX)
    }

    pub fn to_proto(&self) -> u64 {
        self.0 as _
    }

    pub fn from_proto(proto: u64) -> Self {
        Self(proto as _)
    }

    pub fn cmp(&self, other: &Self, snapshot: &MultiBufferSnapshot) -> cmp::Ordering {
        let a = snapshot.excerpt_locator_for_id(*self);
        let b = snapshot.excerpt_locator_for_id(*other);
        a.cmp(&b).then_with(|| self.0.cmp(&other.0))
    }
}

impl Into<usize> for ExcerptId {
    fn into(self) -> usize {
        self.0
    }
}

impl fmt::Debug for Excerpt {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        f.debug_struct("Excerpt")
            .field("id", &self.id)
            .field("locator", &self.locator)
            .field("buffer_id", &self.buffer_id)
            .field("range", &self.range)
            .field("text_summary", &self.text_summary)
            .field("has_trailing_newline", &self.has_trailing_newline)
            .finish()
    }
}

impl sum_tree::Item for Excerpt {
    type Summary = ExcerptSummary;

    fn summary(&self) -> Self::Summary {
        let mut text = self.text_summary.clone();
        if self.has_trailing_newline {
            text += TextSummary::from("\n");
        }
        ExcerptSummary {
            excerpt_id: self.id,
            excerpt_locator: self.locator.clone(),
            max_buffer_row: self.max_buffer_row,
            text,
        }
    }
}

impl sum_tree::Item for ExcerptIdMapping {
    type Summary = ExcerptId;

    fn summary(&self) -> Self::Summary {
        self.id
    }
}

impl sum_tree::KeyedItem for ExcerptIdMapping {
    type Key = ExcerptId;

    fn key(&self) -> Self::Key {
        self.id
    }
}

impl sum_tree::Summary for ExcerptId {
    type Context = ();

    fn add_summary(&mut self, other: &Self, _: &()) {
        *self = *other;
    }
}

impl sum_tree::Summary for ExcerptSummary {
    type Context = ();

    fn add_summary(&mut self, summary: &Self, _: &()) {
        debug_assert!(summary.excerpt_locator > self.excerpt_locator);
        self.excerpt_locator = summary.excerpt_locator.clone();
        self.text.add_summary(&summary.text, &());
        self.max_buffer_row = cmp::max(self.max_buffer_row, summary.max_buffer_row);
    }
}

impl<'a> sum_tree::Dimension<'a, ExcerptSummary> for TextSummary {
    fn add_summary(&mut self, summary: &'a ExcerptSummary, _: &()) {
        *self += &summary.text;
    }
}

impl<'a> sum_tree::Dimension<'a, ExcerptSummary> for usize {
    fn add_summary(&mut self, summary: &'a ExcerptSummary, _: &()) {
        *self += summary.text.len;
    }
}

impl<'a> sum_tree::SeekTarget<'a, ExcerptSummary, ExcerptSummary> for usize {
    fn cmp(&self, cursor_location: &ExcerptSummary, _: &()) -> cmp::Ordering {
        Ord::cmp(self, &cursor_location.text.len)
    }
}

impl<'a> sum_tree::SeekTarget<'a, ExcerptSummary, Option<&'a Locator>> for Locator {
    fn cmp(&self, cursor_location: &Option<&'a Locator>, _: &()) -> cmp::Ordering {
        Ord::cmp(&Some(self), cursor_location)
    }
}

impl<'a> sum_tree::SeekTarget<'a, ExcerptSummary, ExcerptSummary> for Locator {
    fn cmp(&self, cursor_location: &ExcerptSummary, _: &()) -> cmp::Ordering {
        Ord::cmp(self, &cursor_location.excerpt_locator)
    }
}

impl<'a> sum_tree::Dimension<'a, ExcerptSummary> for OffsetUtf16 {
    fn add_summary(&mut self, summary: &'a ExcerptSummary, _: &()) {
        *self += summary.text.len_utf16;
    }
}

impl<'a> sum_tree::Dimension<'a, ExcerptSummary> for Point {
    fn add_summary(&mut self, summary: &'a ExcerptSummary, _: &()) {
        *self += summary.text.lines;
    }
}

impl<'a> sum_tree::Dimension<'a, ExcerptSummary> for PointUtf16 {
    fn add_summary(&mut self, summary: &'a ExcerptSummary, _: &()) {
        *self += summary.text.lines_utf16()
    }
}

impl<'a> sum_tree::Dimension<'a, ExcerptSummary> for Option<&'a Locator> {
    fn add_summary(&mut self, summary: &'a ExcerptSummary, _: &()) {
        *self = Some(&summary.excerpt_locator);
    }
}

impl<'a> sum_tree::Dimension<'a, ExcerptSummary> for Option<ExcerptId> {
    fn add_summary(&mut self, summary: &'a ExcerptSummary, _: &()) {
        *self = Some(summary.excerpt_id);
    }
}

impl<'a> MultiBufferRows<'a> {
    pub fn seek(&mut self, row: u32) {
        self.buffer_row_range = 0..0;

        self.excerpts
            .seek_forward(&Point::new(row, 0), Bias::Right, &());
        if self.excerpts.item().is_none() {
            self.excerpts.prev(&());

            if self.excerpts.item().is_none() && row == 0 {
                self.buffer_row_range = 0..1;
                return;
            }
        }

        if let Some(excerpt) = self.excerpts.item() {
            let overshoot = row - self.excerpts.start().row;
            let excerpt_start = excerpt.range.context.start.to_point(&excerpt.buffer).row;
            self.buffer_row_range.start = excerpt_start + overshoot;
            self.buffer_row_range.end = excerpt_start + excerpt.text_summary.lines.row + 1;
        }
    }
}

impl<'a> Iterator for MultiBufferRows<'a> {
    type Item = Option<u32>;

    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
        loop {
            if !self.buffer_row_range.is_empty() {
                let row = Some(self.buffer_row_range.start);
                self.buffer_row_range.start += 1;
                return Some(row);
            }
            self.excerpts.item()?;
            self.excerpts.next(&());
            let excerpt = self.excerpts.item()?;
            self.buffer_row_range.start = excerpt.range.context.start.to_point(&excerpt.buffer).row;
            self.buffer_row_range.end =
                self.buffer_row_range.start + excerpt.text_summary.lines.row + 1;
        }
    }
}

impl<'a> MultiBufferChunks<'a> {
    pub fn offset(&self) -> usize {
        self.range.start
    }

    pub fn seek(&mut self, offset: usize) {
        self.range.start = offset;
        self.excerpts.seek(&offset, Bias::Right, &());
        if let Some(excerpt) = self.excerpts.item() {
            self.excerpt_chunks = Some(excerpt.chunks_in_range(
                self.range.start - self.excerpts.start()..self.range.end - self.excerpts.start(),
                self.language_aware,
            ));
        } else {
            self.excerpt_chunks = None;
        }
    }
}

impl<'a> Iterator for MultiBufferChunks<'a> {
    type Item = Chunk<'a>;

    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
        if self.range.is_empty() {
            None
        } else if let Some(chunk) = self.excerpt_chunks.as_mut()?.next() {
            self.range.start += chunk.text.len();
            Some(chunk)
        } else {
            self.excerpts.next(&());
            let excerpt = self.excerpts.item()?;
            self.excerpt_chunks = Some(excerpt.chunks_in_range(
                0..self.range.end - self.excerpts.start(),
                self.language_aware,
            ));
            self.next()
        }
    }
}

impl<'a> MultiBufferBytes<'a> {
    fn consume(&mut self, len: usize) {
        self.range.start += len;
        self.chunk = &self.chunk[len..];

        if !self.range.is_empty() && self.chunk.is_empty() {
            if let Some(chunk) = self.excerpt_bytes.as_mut().and_then(|bytes| bytes.next()) {
                self.chunk = chunk;
            } else {
                self.excerpts.next(&());
                if let Some(excerpt) = self.excerpts.item() {
                    let mut excerpt_bytes =
                        excerpt.bytes_in_range(0..self.range.end - self.excerpts.start());
                    self.chunk = excerpt_bytes.next().unwrap();
                    self.excerpt_bytes = Some(excerpt_bytes);
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

impl<'a> Iterator for MultiBufferBytes<'a> {
    type Item = &'a [u8];

    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
        let chunk = self.chunk;
        if chunk.is_empty() {
            None
        } else {
            self.consume(chunk.len());
            Some(chunk)
        }
    }
}

impl<'a> io::Read for MultiBufferBytes<'a> {
    fn read(&mut self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
        let len = cmp::min(buf.len(), self.chunk.len());
        buf[..len].copy_from_slice(&self.chunk[..len]);
        if len > 0 {
            self.consume(len);
        }
        Ok(len)
    }
}

impl<'a> Iterator for ExcerptBytes<'a> {
    type Item = &'a [u8];

    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
        if let Some(chunk) = self.content_bytes.next() {
            if !chunk.is_empty() {
                return Some(chunk);
            }
        }

        if self.footer_height > 0 {
            let result = &NEWLINES[..self.footer_height];
            self.footer_height = 0;
            return Some(result);
        }

        None
    }
}

impl<'a> Iterator for ExcerptChunks<'a> {
    type Item = Chunk<'a>;

    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
        if let Some(chunk) = self.content_chunks.next() {
            return Some(chunk);
        }

        if self.footer_height > 0 {
            let text = unsafe { str::from_utf8_unchecked(&NEWLINES[..self.footer_height]) };
            self.footer_height = 0;
            return Some(Chunk {
                text,
                ..Default::default()
            });
        }

        None
    }
}

impl ToOffset for Point {
    fn to_offset<'a>(&self, snapshot: &MultiBufferSnapshot) -> usize {
        snapshot.point_to_offset(*self)
    }
}

impl ToOffset for usize {
    fn to_offset<'a>(&self, snapshot: &MultiBufferSnapshot) -> usize {
        assert!(*self <= snapshot.len(), "offset is out of range");
        *self
    }
}

impl ToOffset for OffsetUtf16 {
    fn to_offset<'a>(&self, snapshot: &MultiBufferSnapshot) -> usize {
        snapshot.offset_utf16_to_offset(*self)
    }
}

impl ToOffset for PointUtf16 {
    fn to_offset<'a>(&self, snapshot: &MultiBufferSnapshot) -> usize {
        snapshot.point_utf16_to_offset(*self)
    }
}

impl ToOffsetUtf16 for OffsetUtf16 {
    fn to_offset_utf16(&self, _snapshot: &MultiBufferSnapshot) -> OffsetUtf16 {
        *self
    }
}

impl ToOffsetUtf16 for usize {
    fn to_offset_utf16(&self, snapshot: &MultiBufferSnapshot) -> OffsetUtf16 {
        snapshot.offset_to_offset_utf16(*self)
    }
}

impl ToPoint for usize {
    fn to_point<'a>(&self, snapshot: &MultiBufferSnapshot) -> Point {
        snapshot.offset_to_point(*self)
    }
}

impl ToPoint for Point {
    fn to_point<'a>(&self, _: &MultiBufferSnapshot) -> Point {
        *self
    }
}

impl ToPointUtf16 for usize {
    fn to_point_utf16<'a>(&self, snapshot: &MultiBufferSnapshot) -> PointUtf16 {
        snapshot.offset_to_point_utf16(*self)
    }
}

impl ToPointUtf16 for Point {
    fn to_point_utf16<'a>(&self, snapshot: &MultiBufferSnapshot) -> PointUtf16 {
        snapshot.point_to_point_utf16(*self)
    }
}

impl ToPointUtf16 for PointUtf16 {
    fn to_point_utf16<'a>(&self, _: &MultiBufferSnapshot) -> PointUtf16 {
        *self
    }
}

fn build_excerpt_ranges<T>(
    buffer: &BufferSnapshot,
    ranges: &[Range<T>],
    context_line_count: u32,
) -> (Vec<ExcerptRange<Point>>, Vec<usize>)
where
    T: text::ToPoint,
{
    let max_point = buffer.max_point();
    let mut range_counts = Vec::new();
    let mut excerpt_ranges = Vec::new();
    let mut range_iter = ranges
        .iter()
        .map(|range| range.start.to_point(buffer)..range.end.to_point(buffer))
        .peekable();
    while let Some(range) = range_iter.next() {
        let excerpt_start = Point::new(range.start.row.saturating_sub(context_line_count), 0);
        let mut excerpt_end = Point::new(range.end.row + 1 + context_line_count, 0).min(max_point);
        let mut ranges_in_excerpt = 1;

        while let Some(next_range) = range_iter.peek() {
            if next_range.start.row <= excerpt_end.row + context_line_count {
                excerpt_end =
                    Point::new(next_range.end.row + 1 + context_line_count, 0).min(max_point);
                ranges_in_excerpt += 1;
                range_iter.next();
            } else {
                break;
            }
        }

        excerpt_ranges.push(ExcerptRange {
            context: excerpt_start..excerpt_end,
            primary: Some(range),
        });
        range_counts.push(ranges_in_excerpt);
    }

    (excerpt_ranges, range_counts)
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use futures::StreamExt;
    use gpui::{AppContext, TestAppContext};
    use language::{Buffer, Rope};
    use rand::prelude::*;
    use settings::SettingsStore;
    use std::{env, rc::Rc};
    use unindent::Unindent;
    use util::test::sample_text;

    #[gpui::test]
    fn test_singleton(cx: &mut AppContext) {
        let buffer = cx.add_model(|cx| Buffer::new(0, sample_text(6, 6, 'a'), cx));
        let multibuffer = cx.add_model(|cx| MultiBuffer::singleton(buffer.clone(), cx));

        let snapshot = multibuffer.read(cx).snapshot(cx);
        assert_eq!(snapshot.text(), buffer.read(cx).text());

        assert_eq!(
            snapshot.buffer_rows(0).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
            (0..buffer.read(cx).row_count())
                .map(Some)
                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
        );

        buffer.update(cx, |buffer, cx| buffer.edit([(1..3, "XXX\n")], None, cx));
        let snapshot = multibuffer.read(cx).snapshot(cx);

        assert_eq!(snapshot.text(), buffer.read(cx).text());
        assert_eq!(
            snapshot.buffer_rows(0).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
            (0..buffer.read(cx).row_count())
                .map(Some)
                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
        );
    }

    #[gpui::test]
    fn test_remote(cx: &mut AppContext) {
        let host_buffer = cx.add_model(|cx| Buffer::new(0, "a", cx));
        let guest_buffer = cx.add_model(|cx| {
            let state = host_buffer.read(cx).to_proto();
            let ops = cx
                .background()
                .block(host_buffer.read(cx).serialize_ops(None, cx));
            let mut buffer = Buffer::from_proto(1, state, None).unwrap();
            buffer
                .apply_ops(
                    ops.into_iter()
                        .map(|op| language::proto::deserialize_operation(op).unwrap()),
                    cx,
                )
                .unwrap();
            buffer
        });
        let multibuffer = cx.add_model(|cx| MultiBuffer::singleton(guest_buffer.clone(), cx));
        let snapshot = multibuffer.read(cx).snapshot(cx);
        assert_eq!(snapshot.text(), "a");

        guest_buffer.update(cx, |buffer, cx| buffer.edit([(1..1, "b")], None, cx));
        let snapshot = multibuffer.read(cx).snapshot(cx);
        assert_eq!(snapshot.text(), "ab");

        guest_buffer.update(cx, |buffer, cx| buffer.edit([(2..2, "c")], None, cx));
        let snapshot = multibuffer.read(cx).snapshot(cx);
        assert_eq!(snapshot.text(), "abc");
    }

    #[gpui::test]
    fn test_excerpt_boundaries_and_clipping(cx: &mut AppContext) {
        let buffer_1 = cx.add_model(|cx| Buffer::new(0, sample_text(6, 6, 'a'), cx));
        let buffer_2 = cx.add_model(|cx| Buffer::new(0, sample_text(6, 6, 'g'), cx));
        let multibuffer = cx.add_model(|_| MultiBuffer::new(0));

        let events = Rc::new(RefCell::new(Vec::<Event>::new()));
        multibuffer.update(cx, |_, cx| {
            let events = events.clone();
            cx.subscribe(&multibuffer, move |_, _, event, _| {
                if let Event::Edited = event {
                    events.borrow_mut().push(event.clone())
                }
            })
            .detach();
        });

        let subscription = multibuffer.update(cx, |multibuffer, cx| {
            let subscription = multibuffer.subscribe();
            multibuffer.push_excerpts(
                buffer_1.clone(),
                [ExcerptRange {
                    context: Point::new(1, 2)..Point::new(2, 5),
                    primary: None,
                }],
                cx,
            );
            assert_eq!(
                subscription.consume().into_inner(),
                [Edit {
                    old: 0..0,
                    new: 0..10
                }]
            );

            multibuffer.push_excerpts(
                buffer_1.clone(),
                [ExcerptRange {
                    context: Point::new(3, 3)..Point::new(4, 4),
                    primary: None,
                }],
                cx,
            );
            multibuffer.push_excerpts(
                buffer_2.clone(),
                [ExcerptRange {
                    context: Point::new(3, 1)..Point::new(3, 3),
                    primary: None,
                }],
                cx,
            );
            assert_eq!(
                subscription.consume().into_inner(),
                [Edit {
                    old: 10..10,
                    new: 10..22
                }]
            );

            subscription
        });

        // Adding excerpts emits an edited event.
        assert_eq!(
            events.borrow().as_slice(),
            &[Event::Edited, Event::Edited, Event::Edited]
        );

        let snapshot = multibuffer.read(cx).snapshot(cx);
        assert_eq!(
            snapshot.text(),
            concat!(
                "bbbb\n",  // Preserve newlines
                "ccccc\n", //
                "ddd\n",   //
                "eeee\n",  //
                "jj"       //
            )
        );
        assert_eq!(
            snapshot.buffer_rows(0).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
            [Some(1), Some(2), Some(3), Some(4), Some(3)]
        );
        assert_eq!(
            snapshot.buffer_rows(2).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
            [Some(3), Some(4), Some(3)]
        );
        assert_eq!(snapshot.buffer_rows(4).collect::<Vec<_>>(), [Some(3)]);
        assert_eq!(snapshot.buffer_rows(5).collect::<Vec<_>>(), []);

        assert_eq!(
            boundaries_in_range(Point::new(0, 0)..Point::new(4, 2), &snapshot),
            &[
                (0, "bbbb\nccccc".to_string(), true),
                (2, "ddd\neeee".to_string(), false),
                (4, "jj".to_string(), true),
            ]
        );
        assert_eq!(
            boundaries_in_range(Point::new(0, 0)..Point::new(2, 0), &snapshot),
            &[(0, "bbbb\nccccc".to_string(), true)]
        );
        assert_eq!(
            boundaries_in_range(Point::new(1, 0)..Point::new(1, 5), &snapshot),
            &[]
        );
        assert_eq!(
            boundaries_in_range(Point::new(1, 0)..Point::new(2, 0), &snapshot),
            &[]
        );
        assert_eq!(
            boundaries_in_range(Point::new(1, 0)..Point::new(4, 0), &snapshot),
            &[(2, "ddd\neeee".to_string(), false)]
        );
        assert_eq!(
            boundaries_in_range(Point::new(1, 0)..Point::new(4, 0), &snapshot),
            &[(2, "ddd\neeee".to_string(), false)]
        );
        assert_eq!(
            boundaries_in_range(Point::new(2, 0)..Point::new(3, 0), &snapshot),
            &[(2, "ddd\neeee".to_string(), false)]
        );
        assert_eq!(
            boundaries_in_range(Point::new(4, 0)..Point::new(4, 2), &snapshot),
            &[(4, "jj".to_string(), true)]
        );
        assert_eq!(
            boundaries_in_range(Point::new(4, 2)..Point::new(4, 2), &snapshot),
            &[]
        );

        buffer_1.update(cx, |buffer, cx| {
            let text = "\n";
            buffer.edit(
                [
                    (Point::new(0, 0)..Point::new(0, 0), text),
                    (Point::new(2, 1)..Point::new(2, 3), text),
                ],
                None,
                cx,
            );
        });

        let snapshot = multibuffer.read(cx).snapshot(cx);
        assert_eq!(
            snapshot.text(),
            concat!(
                "bbbb\n", // Preserve newlines
                "c\n",    //
                "cc\n",   //
                "ddd\n",  //
                "eeee\n", //
                "jj"      //
            )
        );

        assert_eq!(
            subscription.consume().into_inner(),
            [Edit {
                old: 6..8,
                new: 6..7
            }]
        );

        let snapshot = multibuffer.read(cx).snapshot(cx);
        assert_eq!(
            snapshot.clip_point(Point::new(0, 5), Bias::Left),
            Point::new(0, 4)
        );
        assert_eq!(
            snapshot.clip_point(Point::new(0, 5), Bias::Right),
            Point::new(0, 4)
        );
        assert_eq!(
            snapshot.clip_point(Point::new(5, 1), Bias::Right),
            Point::new(5, 1)
        );
        assert_eq!(
            snapshot.clip_point(Point::new(5, 2), Bias::Right),
            Point::new(5, 2)
        );
        assert_eq!(
            snapshot.clip_point(Point::new(5, 3), Bias::Right),
            Point::new(5, 2)
        );

        let snapshot = multibuffer.update(cx, |multibuffer, cx| {
            let (buffer_2_excerpt_id, _) =
                multibuffer.excerpts_for_buffer(&buffer_2, cx)[0].clone();
            multibuffer.remove_excerpts([buffer_2_excerpt_id], cx);
            multibuffer.snapshot(cx)
        });

        assert_eq!(
            snapshot.text(),
            concat!(
                "bbbb\n", // Preserve newlines
                "c\n",    //
                "cc\n",   //
                "ddd\n",  //
                "eeee",   //
            )
        );

        fn boundaries_in_range(
            range: Range<Point>,
            snapshot: &MultiBufferSnapshot,
        ) -> Vec<(u32, String, bool)> {
            snapshot
                .excerpt_boundaries_in_range(range)
                .map(|boundary| {
                    (
                        boundary.row,
                        boundary
                            .buffer
                            .text_for_range(boundary.range.context)
                            .collect::<String>(),
                        boundary.starts_new_buffer,
                    )
                })
                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
        }
    }

    #[gpui::test]
    fn test_excerpt_events(cx: &mut AppContext) {
        let buffer_1 = cx.add_model(|cx| Buffer::new(0, sample_text(10, 3, 'a'), cx));
        let buffer_2 = cx.add_model(|cx| Buffer::new(0, sample_text(10, 3, 'm'), cx));

        let leader_multibuffer = cx.add_model(|_| MultiBuffer::new(0));
        let follower_multibuffer = cx.add_model(|_| MultiBuffer::new(0));
        let follower_edit_event_count = Rc::new(RefCell::new(0));

        follower_multibuffer.update(cx, |_, cx| {
            let follower_edit_event_count = follower_edit_event_count.clone();
            cx.subscribe(
                &leader_multibuffer,
                move |follower, _, event, cx| match event.clone() {
                    Event::ExcerptsAdded {
                        buffer,
                        predecessor,
                        excerpts,
                    } => follower.insert_excerpts_with_ids_after(predecessor, buffer, excerpts, cx),
                    Event::ExcerptsRemoved { ids } => follower.remove_excerpts(ids, cx),
                    Event::Edited => {
                        *follower_edit_event_count.borrow_mut() += 1;
                    }
                    _ => {}
                },
            )
            .detach();
        });

        leader_multibuffer.update(cx, |leader, cx| {
            leader.push_excerpts(
                buffer_1.clone(),
                [
                    ExcerptRange {
                        context: 0..8,
                        primary: None,
                    },
                    ExcerptRange {
                        context: 12..16,
                        primary: None,
                    },
                ],
                cx,
            );
            leader.insert_excerpts_after(
                leader.excerpt_ids()[0],
                buffer_2.clone(),
                [
                    ExcerptRange {
                        context: 0..5,
                        primary: None,
                    },
                    ExcerptRange {
                        context: 10..15,
                        primary: None,
                    },
                ],
                cx,
            )
        });
        assert_eq!(
            leader_multibuffer.read(cx).snapshot(cx).text(),
            follower_multibuffer.read(cx).snapshot(cx).text(),
        );
        assert_eq!(*follower_edit_event_count.borrow(), 2);

        leader_multibuffer.update(cx, |leader, cx| {
            let excerpt_ids = leader.excerpt_ids();
            leader.remove_excerpts([excerpt_ids[1], excerpt_ids[3]], cx);
        });
        assert_eq!(
            leader_multibuffer.read(cx).snapshot(cx).text(),
            follower_multibuffer.read(cx).snapshot(cx).text(),
        );
        assert_eq!(*follower_edit_event_count.borrow(), 3);

        // Removing an empty set of excerpts is a noop.
        leader_multibuffer.update(cx, |leader, cx| {
            leader.remove_excerpts([], cx);
        });
        assert_eq!(
            leader_multibuffer.read(cx).snapshot(cx).text(),
            follower_multibuffer.read(cx).snapshot(cx).text(),
        );
        assert_eq!(*follower_edit_event_count.borrow(), 3);

        // Adding an empty set of excerpts is a noop.
        leader_multibuffer.update(cx, |leader, cx| {
            leader.push_excerpts::<usize>(buffer_2.clone(), [], cx);
        });
        assert_eq!(
            leader_multibuffer.read(cx).snapshot(cx).text(),
            follower_multibuffer.read(cx).snapshot(cx).text(),
        );
        assert_eq!(*follower_edit_event_count.borrow(), 3);

        leader_multibuffer.update(cx, |leader, cx| {
            leader.clear(cx);
        });
        assert_eq!(
            leader_multibuffer.read(cx).snapshot(cx).text(),
            follower_multibuffer.read(cx).snapshot(cx).text(),
        );
        assert_eq!(*follower_edit_event_count.borrow(), 4);
    }

    #[gpui::test]
    fn test_push_excerpts_with_context_lines(cx: &mut AppContext) {
        let buffer = cx.add_model(|cx| Buffer::new(0, sample_text(20, 3, 'a'), cx));
        let multibuffer = cx.add_model(|_| MultiBuffer::new(0));
        let anchor_ranges = multibuffer.update(cx, |multibuffer, cx| {
            multibuffer.push_excerpts_with_context_lines(
                buffer.clone(),
                vec![
                    Point::new(3, 2)..Point::new(4, 2),
                    Point::new(7, 1)..Point::new(7, 3),
                    Point::new(15, 0)..Point::new(15, 0),
                ],
                2,
                cx,
            )
        });

        let snapshot = multibuffer.read(cx).snapshot(cx);
        assert_eq!(
            snapshot.text(),
            "bbb\nccc\nddd\neee\nfff\nggg\nhhh\niii\njjj\n\nnnn\nooo\nppp\nqqq\nrrr\n"
        );

        assert_eq!(
            anchor_ranges
                .iter()
                .map(|range| range.to_point(&snapshot))
                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
            vec![
                Point::new(2, 2)..Point::new(3, 2),
                Point::new(6, 1)..Point::new(6, 3),
                Point::new(12, 0)..Point::new(12, 0)
            ]
        );
    }

    #[gpui::test]
    async fn test_stream_excerpts_with_context_lines(cx: &mut TestAppContext) {
        let buffer = cx.add_model(|cx| Buffer::new(0, sample_text(20, 3, 'a'), cx));
        let multibuffer = cx.add_model(|_| MultiBuffer::new(0));
        let (task, anchor_ranges) = multibuffer.update(cx, |multibuffer, cx| {
            let snapshot = buffer.read(cx);
            let ranges = vec![
                snapshot.anchor_before(Point::new(3, 2))..snapshot.anchor_before(Point::new(4, 2)),
                snapshot.anchor_before(Point::new(7, 1))..snapshot.anchor_before(Point::new(7, 3)),
                snapshot.anchor_before(Point::new(15, 0))
                    ..snapshot.anchor_before(Point::new(15, 0)),
            ];
            multibuffer.stream_excerpts_with_context_lines(vec![(buffer.clone(), ranges)], 2, cx)
        });

        let anchor_ranges = anchor_ranges.collect::<Vec<_>>().await;
        // Ensure task is finished when stream completes.
        task.await;

        let snapshot = multibuffer.read_with(cx, |multibuffer, cx| multibuffer.snapshot(cx));
        assert_eq!(
            snapshot.text(),
            "bbb\nccc\nddd\neee\nfff\nggg\nhhh\niii\njjj\n\nnnn\nooo\nppp\nqqq\nrrr\n"
        );

        assert_eq!(
            anchor_ranges
                .iter()
                .map(|range| range.to_point(&snapshot))
                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
            vec![
                Point::new(2, 2)..Point::new(3, 2),
                Point::new(6, 1)..Point::new(6, 3),
                Point::new(12, 0)..Point::new(12, 0)
            ]
        );
    }

    #[gpui::test]
    fn test_empty_multibuffer(cx: &mut AppContext) {
        let multibuffer = cx.add_model(|_| MultiBuffer::new(0));

        let snapshot = multibuffer.read(cx).snapshot(cx);
        assert_eq!(snapshot.text(), "");
        assert_eq!(snapshot.buffer_rows(0).collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[Some(0)]);
        assert_eq!(snapshot.buffer_rows(1).collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[]);
    }

    #[gpui::test]
    fn test_singleton_multibuffer_anchors(cx: &mut AppContext) {
        let buffer = cx.add_model(|cx| Buffer::new(0, "abcd", cx));
        let multibuffer = cx.add_model(|cx| MultiBuffer::singleton(buffer.clone(), cx));
        let old_snapshot = multibuffer.read(cx).snapshot(cx);
        buffer.update(cx, |buffer, cx| {
            buffer.edit([(0..0, "X")], None, cx);
            buffer.edit([(5..5, "Y")], None, cx);
        });
        let new_snapshot = multibuffer.read(cx).snapshot(cx);

        assert_eq!(old_snapshot.text(), "abcd");
        assert_eq!(new_snapshot.text(), "XabcdY");

        assert_eq!(old_snapshot.anchor_before(0).to_offset(&new_snapshot), 0);
        assert_eq!(old_snapshot.anchor_after(0).to_offset(&new_snapshot), 1);
        assert_eq!(old_snapshot.anchor_before(4).to_offset(&new_snapshot), 5);
        assert_eq!(old_snapshot.anchor_after(4).to_offset(&new_snapshot), 6);
    }

    #[gpui::test]
    fn test_multibuffer_anchors(cx: &mut AppContext) {
        let buffer_1 = cx.add_model(|cx| Buffer::new(0, "abcd", cx));
        let buffer_2 = cx.add_model(|cx| Buffer::new(0, "efghi", cx));
        let multibuffer = cx.add_model(|cx| {
            let mut multibuffer = MultiBuffer::new(0);
            multibuffer.push_excerpts(
                buffer_1.clone(),
                [ExcerptRange {
                    context: 0..4,
                    primary: None,
                }],
                cx,
            );
            multibuffer.push_excerpts(
                buffer_2.clone(),
                [ExcerptRange {
                    context: 0..5,
                    primary: None,
                }],
                cx,
            );
            multibuffer
        });
        let old_snapshot = multibuffer.read(cx).snapshot(cx);

        assert_eq!(old_snapshot.anchor_before(0).to_offset(&old_snapshot), 0);
        assert_eq!(old_snapshot.anchor_after(0).to_offset(&old_snapshot), 0);
        assert_eq!(Anchor::min().to_offset(&old_snapshot), 0);
        assert_eq!(Anchor::min().to_offset(&old_snapshot), 0);
        assert_eq!(Anchor::max().to_offset(&old_snapshot), 10);
        assert_eq!(Anchor::max().to_offset(&old_snapshot), 10);

        buffer_1.update(cx, |buffer, cx| {
            buffer.edit([(0..0, "W")], None, cx);
            buffer.edit([(5..5, "X")], None, cx);
        });
        buffer_2.update(cx, |buffer, cx| {
            buffer.edit([(0..0, "Y")], None, cx);
            buffer.edit([(6..6, "Z")], None, cx);
        });
        let new_snapshot = multibuffer.read(cx).snapshot(cx);

        assert_eq!(old_snapshot.text(), "abcd\nefghi");
        assert_eq!(new_snapshot.text(), "WabcdX\nYefghiZ");

        assert_eq!(old_snapshot.anchor_before(0).to_offset(&new_snapshot), 0);
        assert_eq!(old_snapshot.anchor_after(0).to_offset(&new_snapshot), 1);
        assert_eq!(old_snapshot.anchor_before(1).to_offset(&new_snapshot), 2);
        assert_eq!(old_snapshot.anchor_after(1).to_offset(&new_snapshot), 2);
        assert_eq!(old_snapshot.anchor_before(2).to_offset(&new_snapshot), 3);
        assert_eq!(old_snapshot.anchor_after(2).to_offset(&new_snapshot), 3);
        assert_eq!(old_snapshot.anchor_before(5).to_offset(&new_snapshot), 7);
        assert_eq!(old_snapshot.anchor_after(5).to_offset(&new_snapshot), 8);
        assert_eq!(old_snapshot.anchor_before(10).to_offset(&new_snapshot), 13);
        assert_eq!(old_snapshot.anchor_after(10).to_offset(&new_snapshot), 14);
    }

    #[gpui::test]
    fn test_resolving_anchors_after_replacing_their_excerpts(cx: &mut AppContext) {
        let buffer_1 = cx.add_model(|cx| Buffer::new(0, "abcd", cx));
        let buffer_2 = cx.add_model(|cx| Buffer::new(0, "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOP", cx));
        let multibuffer = cx.add_model(|_| MultiBuffer::new(0));

        // Create an insertion id in buffer 1 that doesn't exist in buffer 2.
        // Add an excerpt from buffer 1 that spans this new insertion.
        buffer_1.update(cx, |buffer, cx| buffer.edit([(4..4, "123")], None, cx));
        let excerpt_id_1 = multibuffer.update(cx, |multibuffer, cx| {
            multibuffer
                .push_excerpts(
                    buffer_1.clone(),
                    [ExcerptRange {
                        context: 0..7,
                        primary: None,
                    }],
                    cx,
                )
                .pop()
                .unwrap()
        });

        let snapshot_1 = multibuffer.read(cx).snapshot(cx);
        assert_eq!(snapshot_1.text(), "abcd123");

        // Replace the buffer 1 excerpt with new excerpts from buffer 2.
        let (excerpt_id_2, excerpt_id_3) = multibuffer.update(cx, |multibuffer, cx| {
            multibuffer.remove_excerpts([excerpt_id_1], cx);
            let mut ids = multibuffer
                .push_excerpts(
                    buffer_2.clone(),
                    [
                        ExcerptRange {
                            context: 0..4,
                            primary: None,
                        },
                        ExcerptRange {
                            context: 6..10,
                            primary: None,
                        },
                        ExcerptRange {
                            context: 12..16,
                            primary: None,
                        },
                    ],
                    cx,
                )
                .into_iter();
            (ids.next().unwrap(), ids.next().unwrap())
        });
        let snapshot_2 = multibuffer.read(cx).snapshot(cx);
        assert_eq!(snapshot_2.text(), "ABCD\nGHIJ\nMNOP");

        // The old excerpt id doesn't get reused.
        assert_ne!(excerpt_id_2, excerpt_id_1);

        // Resolve some anchors from the previous snapshot in the new snapshot.
        // The current excerpts are from a different buffer, so we don't attempt to
        // resolve the old text anchor in the new buffer.
        assert_eq!(
            snapshot_2.summary_for_anchor::<usize>(&snapshot_1.anchor_before(2)),
            0
        );
        assert_eq!(
            snapshot_2.summaries_for_anchors::<usize, _>(&[
                snapshot_1.anchor_before(2),
                snapshot_1.anchor_after(3)
            ]),
            vec![0, 0]
        );

        // Refresh anchors from the old snapshot. The return value indicates that both
        // anchors lost their original excerpt.
        let refresh =
            snapshot_2.refresh_anchors(&[snapshot_1.anchor_before(2), snapshot_1.anchor_after(3)]);
        assert_eq!(
            refresh,
            &[
                (0, snapshot_2.anchor_before(0), false),
                (1, snapshot_2.anchor_after(0), false),
            ]
        );

        // Replace the middle excerpt with a smaller excerpt in buffer 2,
        // that intersects the old excerpt.
        let excerpt_id_5 = multibuffer.update(cx, |multibuffer, cx| {
            multibuffer.remove_excerpts([excerpt_id_3], cx);
            multibuffer
                .insert_excerpts_after(
                    excerpt_id_2,
                    buffer_2.clone(),
                    [ExcerptRange {
                        context: 5..8,
                        primary: None,
                    }],
                    cx,
                )
                .pop()
                .unwrap()
        });

        let snapshot_3 = multibuffer.read(cx).snapshot(cx);
        assert_eq!(snapshot_3.text(), "ABCD\nFGH\nMNOP");
        assert_ne!(excerpt_id_5, excerpt_id_3);

        // Resolve some anchors from the previous snapshot in the new snapshot.
        // The third anchor can't be resolved, since its excerpt has been removed,
        // so it resolves to the same position as its predecessor.
        let anchors = [
            snapshot_2.anchor_before(0),
            snapshot_2.anchor_after(2),
            snapshot_2.anchor_after(6),
            snapshot_2.anchor_after(14),
        ];
        assert_eq!(
            snapshot_3.summaries_for_anchors::<usize, _>(&anchors),
            &[0, 2, 9, 13]
        );

        let new_anchors = snapshot_3.refresh_anchors(&anchors);
        assert_eq!(
            new_anchors.iter().map(|a| (a.0, a.2)).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
            &[(0, true), (1, true), (2, true), (3, true)]
        );
        assert_eq!(
            snapshot_3.summaries_for_anchors::<usize, _>(new_anchors.iter().map(|a| &a.1)),
            &[0, 2, 7, 13]
        );
    }

    #[gpui::test]
    async fn test_diff_hunks_in_range(cx: &mut TestAppContext) {
        use git::diff::DiffHunkStatus;

        // buffer has two modified hunks with two rows each
        let buffer_1 = cx.add_model(|cx| {
            let mut buffer = Buffer::new(
                0,
                "
                1.zero
                1.ONE
                1.TWO
                1.three
                1.FOUR
                1.FIVE
                1.six
            "
                .unindent(),
                cx,
            );
            buffer.set_diff_base(
                Some(
                    "
                1.zero
                1.one
                1.two
                1.three
                1.four
                1.five
                1.six
            "
                    .unindent(),
                ),
                cx,
            );
            buffer
        });

        // buffer has a deletion hunk and an insertion hunk
        let buffer_2 = cx.add_model(|cx| {
            let mut buffer = Buffer::new(
                0,
                "
                2.zero
                2.one
                2.two
                2.three
                2.four
                2.five
                2.six
            "
                .unindent(),
                cx,
            );
            buffer.set_diff_base(
                Some(
                    "
                2.zero
                2.one
                2.one-and-a-half
                2.two
                2.three
                2.four
                2.six
            "
                    .unindent(),
                ),
                cx,
            );
            buffer
        });

        cx.foreground().run_until_parked();

        let multibuffer = cx.add_model(|cx| {
            let mut multibuffer = MultiBuffer::new(0);
            multibuffer.push_excerpts(
                buffer_1.clone(),
                [
                    // excerpt ends in the middle of a modified hunk
                    ExcerptRange {
                        context: Point::new(0, 0)..Point::new(1, 5),
                        primary: Default::default(),
                    },
                    // excerpt begins in the middle of a modified hunk
                    ExcerptRange {
                        context: Point::new(5, 0)..Point::new(6, 5),
                        primary: Default::default(),
                    },
                ],
                cx,
            );
            multibuffer.push_excerpts(
                buffer_2.clone(),
                [
                    // excerpt ends at a deletion
                    ExcerptRange {
                        context: Point::new(0, 0)..Point::new(1, 5),
                        primary: Default::default(),
                    },
                    // excerpt starts at a deletion
                    ExcerptRange {
                        context: Point::new(2, 0)..Point::new(2, 5),
                        primary: Default::default(),
                    },
                    // excerpt fully contains a deletion hunk
                    ExcerptRange {
                        context: Point::new(1, 0)..Point::new(2, 5),
                        primary: Default::default(),
                    },
                    // excerpt fully contains an insertion hunk
                    ExcerptRange {
                        context: Point::new(4, 0)..Point::new(6, 5),
                        primary: Default::default(),
                    },
                ],
                cx,
            );
            multibuffer
        });

        let snapshot = multibuffer.read_with(cx, |b, cx| b.snapshot(cx));

        assert_eq!(
            snapshot.text(),
            "
                1.zero
                1.ONE
                1.FIVE
                1.six
                2.zero
                2.one
                2.two
                2.one
                2.two
                2.four
                2.five
                2.six"
                .unindent()
        );

        let expected = [
            (DiffHunkStatus::Modified, 1..2),
            (DiffHunkStatus::Modified, 2..3),
            //TODO: Define better when and where removed hunks show up at range extremities
            (DiffHunkStatus::Removed, 6..6),
            (DiffHunkStatus::Removed, 8..8),
            (DiffHunkStatus::Added, 10..11),
        ];

        assert_eq!(
            snapshot
                .git_diff_hunks_in_range(0..12)
                .map(|hunk| (hunk.status(), hunk.buffer_range))
                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
            &expected,
        );

        assert_eq!(
            snapshot
                .git_diff_hunks_in_range_rev(0..12)
                .map(|hunk| (hunk.status(), hunk.buffer_range))
                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
            expected
                .iter()
                .rev()
                .cloned()
                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                .as_slice(),
        );
    }

    #[gpui::test(iterations = 100)]
    fn test_random_multibuffer(cx: &mut AppContext, mut rng: StdRng) {
        let operations = env::var("OPERATIONS")
            .map(|i| i.parse().expect("invalid `OPERATIONS` variable"))
            .unwrap_or(10);

        let mut buffers: Vec<ModelHandle<Buffer>> = Vec::new();
        let multibuffer = cx.add_model(|_| MultiBuffer::new(0));
        let mut excerpt_ids = Vec::<ExcerptId>::new();
        let mut expected_excerpts = Vec::<(ModelHandle<Buffer>, Range<text::Anchor>)>::new();
        let mut anchors = Vec::new();
        let mut old_versions = Vec::new();

        for _ in 0..operations {
            match rng.gen_range(0..100) {
                0..=19 if !buffers.is_empty() => {
                    let buffer = buffers.choose(&mut rng).unwrap();
                    buffer.update(cx, |buf, cx| buf.randomly_edit(&mut rng, 5, cx));
                }
                20..=29 if !expected_excerpts.is_empty() => {
                    let mut ids_to_remove = vec![];
                    for _ in 0..rng.gen_range(1..=3) {
                        if expected_excerpts.is_empty() {
                            break;
                        }

                        let ix = rng.gen_range(0..expected_excerpts.len());
                        ids_to_remove.push(excerpt_ids.remove(ix));
                        let (buffer, range) = expected_excerpts.remove(ix);
                        let buffer = buffer.read(cx);
                        log::info!(
                            "Removing excerpt {}: {:?}",
                            ix,
                            buffer
                                .text_for_range(range.to_offset(buffer))
                                .collect::<String>(),
                        );
                    }
                    let snapshot = multibuffer.read(cx).read(cx);
                    ids_to_remove.sort_unstable_by(|a, b| a.cmp(&b, &snapshot));
                    drop(snapshot);
                    multibuffer.update(cx, |multibuffer, cx| {
                        multibuffer.remove_excerpts(ids_to_remove, cx)
                    });
                }
                30..=39 if !expected_excerpts.is_empty() => {
                    let multibuffer = multibuffer.read(cx).read(cx);
                    let offset =
                        multibuffer.clip_offset(rng.gen_range(0..=multibuffer.len()), Bias::Left);
                    let bias = if rng.gen() { Bias::Left } else { Bias::Right };
                    log::info!("Creating anchor at {} with bias {:?}", offset, bias);
                    anchors.push(multibuffer.anchor_at(offset, bias));
                    anchors.sort_by(|a, b| a.cmp(b, &multibuffer));
                }
                40..=44 if !anchors.is_empty() => {
                    let multibuffer = multibuffer.read(cx).read(cx);
                    let prev_len = anchors.len();
                    anchors = multibuffer
                        .refresh_anchors(&anchors)
                        .into_iter()
                        .map(|a| a.1)
                        .collect();

                    // Ensure the newly-refreshed anchors point to a valid excerpt and don't
                    // overshoot its boundaries.
                    assert_eq!(anchors.len(), prev_len);
                    for anchor in &anchors {
                        if anchor.excerpt_id == ExcerptId::min()
                            || anchor.excerpt_id == ExcerptId::max()
                        {
                            continue;
                        }

                        let excerpt = multibuffer.excerpt(anchor.excerpt_id).unwrap();
                        assert_eq!(excerpt.id, anchor.excerpt_id);
                        assert!(excerpt.contains(anchor));
                    }
                }
                _ => {
                    let buffer_handle = if buffers.is_empty() || rng.gen_bool(0.4) {
                        let base_text = util::RandomCharIter::new(&mut rng)
                            .take(10)
                            .collect::<String>();
                        buffers.push(cx.add_model(|cx| Buffer::new(0, base_text, cx)));
                        buffers.last().unwrap()
                    } else {
                        buffers.choose(&mut rng).unwrap()
                    };

                    let buffer = buffer_handle.read(cx);
                    let end_ix = buffer.clip_offset(rng.gen_range(0..=buffer.len()), Bias::Right);
                    let start_ix = buffer.clip_offset(rng.gen_range(0..=end_ix), Bias::Left);
                    let anchor_range = buffer.anchor_before(start_ix)..buffer.anchor_after(end_ix);
                    let prev_excerpt_ix = rng.gen_range(0..=expected_excerpts.len());
                    let prev_excerpt_id = excerpt_ids
                        .get(prev_excerpt_ix)
                        .cloned()
                        .unwrap_or_else(ExcerptId::max);
                    let excerpt_ix = (prev_excerpt_ix + 1).min(expected_excerpts.len());

                    log::info!(
                        "Inserting excerpt at {} of {} for buffer {}: {:?}[{:?}] = {:?}",
                        excerpt_ix,
                        expected_excerpts.len(),
                        buffer_handle.read(cx).remote_id(),
                        buffer.text(),
                        start_ix..end_ix,
                        &buffer.text()[start_ix..end_ix]
                    );

                    let excerpt_id = multibuffer.update(cx, |multibuffer, cx| {
                        multibuffer
                            .insert_excerpts_after(
                                prev_excerpt_id,
                                buffer_handle.clone(),
                                [ExcerptRange {
                                    context: start_ix..end_ix,
                                    primary: None,
                                }],
                                cx,
                            )
                            .pop()
                            .unwrap()
                    });

                    excerpt_ids.insert(excerpt_ix, excerpt_id);
                    expected_excerpts.insert(excerpt_ix, (buffer_handle.clone(), anchor_range));
                }
            }

            if rng.gen_bool(0.3) {
                multibuffer.update(cx, |multibuffer, cx| {
                    old_versions.push((multibuffer.snapshot(cx), multibuffer.subscribe()));
                })
            }

            let snapshot = multibuffer.read(cx).snapshot(cx);

            let mut excerpt_starts = Vec::new();
            let mut expected_text = String::new();
            let mut expected_buffer_rows = Vec::new();
            for (buffer, range) in &expected_excerpts {
                let buffer = buffer.read(cx);
                let buffer_range = range.to_offset(buffer);

                excerpt_starts.push(TextSummary::from(expected_text.as_str()));
                expected_text.extend(buffer.text_for_range(buffer_range.clone()));
                expected_text.push('\n');

                let buffer_row_range = buffer.offset_to_point(buffer_range.start).row
                    ..=buffer.offset_to_point(buffer_range.end).row;
                for row in buffer_row_range {
                    expected_buffer_rows.push(Some(row));
                }
            }
            // Remove final trailing newline.
            if !expected_excerpts.is_empty() {
                expected_text.pop();
            }

            // Always report one buffer row
            if expected_buffer_rows.is_empty() {
                expected_buffer_rows.push(Some(0));
            }

            assert_eq!(snapshot.text(), expected_text);
            log::info!("MultiBuffer text: {:?}", expected_text);

            assert_eq!(
                snapshot.buffer_rows(0).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                expected_buffer_rows,
            );

            for _ in 0..5 {
                let start_row = rng.gen_range(0..=expected_buffer_rows.len());
                assert_eq!(
                    snapshot.buffer_rows(start_row as u32).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                    &expected_buffer_rows[start_row..],
                    "buffer_rows({})",
                    start_row
                );
            }

            assert_eq!(
                snapshot.max_buffer_row(),
                expected_buffer_rows.into_iter().flatten().max().unwrap()
            );

            let mut excerpt_starts = excerpt_starts.into_iter();
            for (buffer, range) in &expected_excerpts {
                let buffer = buffer.read(cx);
                let buffer_id = buffer.remote_id();
                let buffer_range = range.to_offset(buffer);
                let buffer_start_point = buffer.offset_to_point(buffer_range.start);
                let buffer_start_point_utf16 =
                    buffer.text_summary_for_range::<PointUtf16, _>(0..buffer_range.start);

                let excerpt_start = excerpt_starts.next().unwrap();
                let mut offset = excerpt_start.len;
                let mut buffer_offset = buffer_range.start;
                let mut point = excerpt_start.lines;
                let mut buffer_point = buffer_start_point;
                let mut point_utf16 = excerpt_start.lines_utf16();
                let mut buffer_point_utf16 = buffer_start_point_utf16;
                for ch in buffer
                    .snapshot()
                    .chunks(buffer_range.clone(), false)
                    .flat_map(|c| c.text.chars())
                {
                    for _ in 0..ch.len_utf8() {
                        let left_offset = snapshot.clip_offset(offset, Bias::Left);
                        let right_offset = snapshot.clip_offset(offset, Bias::Right);
                        let buffer_left_offset = buffer.clip_offset(buffer_offset, Bias::Left);
                        let buffer_right_offset = buffer.clip_offset(buffer_offset, Bias::Right);
                        assert_eq!(
                            left_offset,
                            excerpt_start.len + (buffer_left_offset - buffer_range.start),
                            "clip_offset({:?}, Left). buffer: {:?}, buffer offset: {:?}",
                            offset,
                            buffer_id,
                            buffer_offset,
                        );
                        assert_eq!(
                            right_offset,
                            excerpt_start.len + (buffer_right_offset - buffer_range.start),
                            "clip_offset({:?}, Right). buffer: {:?}, buffer offset: {:?}",
                            offset,
                            buffer_id,
                            buffer_offset,
                        );

                        let left_point = snapshot.clip_point(point, Bias::Left);
                        let right_point = snapshot.clip_point(point, Bias::Right);
                        let buffer_left_point = buffer.clip_point(buffer_point, Bias::Left);
                        let buffer_right_point = buffer.clip_point(buffer_point, Bias::Right);
                        assert_eq!(
                            left_point,
                            excerpt_start.lines + (buffer_left_point - buffer_start_point),
                            "clip_point({:?}, Left). buffer: {:?}, buffer point: {:?}",
                            point,
                            buffer_id,
                            buffer_point,
                        );
                        assert_eq!(
                            right_point,
                            excerpt_start.lines + (buffer_right_point - buffer_start_point),
                            "clip_point({:?}, Right). buffer: {:?}, buffer point: {:?}",
                            point,
                            buffer_id,
                            buffer_point,
                        );

                        assert_eq!(
                            snapshot.point_to_offset(left_point),
                            left_offset,
                            "point_to_offset({:?})",
                            left_point,
                        );
                        assert_eq!(
                            snapshot.offset_to_point(left_offset),
                            left_point,
                            "offset_to_point({:?})",
                            left_offset,
                        );

                        offset += 1;
                        buffer_offset += 1;
                        if ch == '\n' {
                            point += Point::new(1, 0);
                            buffer_point += Point::new(1, 0);
                        } else {
                            point += Point::new(0, 1);
                            buffer_point += Point::new(0, 1);
                        }
                    }

                    for _ in 0..ch.len_utf16() {
                        let left_point_utf16 =
                            snapshot.clip_point_utf16(Unclipped(point_utf16), Bias::Left);
                        let right_point_utf16 =
                            snapshot.clip_point_utf16(Unclipped(point_utf16), Bias::Right);
                        let buffer_left_point_utf16 =
                            buffer.clip_point_utf16(Unclipped(buffer_point_utf16), Bias::Left);
                        let buffer_right_point_utf16 =
                            buffer.clip_point_utf16(Unclipped(buffer_point_utf16), Bias::Right);
                        assert_eq!(
                            left_point_utf16,
                            excerpt_start.lines_utf16()
                                + (buffer_left_point_utf16 - buffer_start_point_utf16),
                            "clip_point_utf16({:?}, Left). buffer: {:?}, buffer point_utf16: {:?}",
                            point_utf16,
                            buffer_id,
                            buffer_point_utf16,
                        );
                        assert_eq!(
                            right_point_utf16,
                            excerpt_start.lines_utf16()
                                + (buffer_right_point_utf16 - buffer_start_point_utf16),
                            "clip_point_utf16({:?}, Right). buffer: {:?}, buffer point_utf16: {:?}",
                            point_utf16,
                            buffer_id,
                            buffer_point_utf16,
                        );

                        if ch == '\n' {
                            point_utf16 += PointUtf16::new(1, 0);
                            buffer_point_utf16 += PointUtf16::new(1, 0);
                        } else {
                            point_utf16 += PointUtf16::new(0, 1);
                            buffer_point_utf16 += PointUtf16::new(0, 1);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }

            for (row, line) in expected_text.split('\n').enumerate() {
                assert_eq!(
                    snapshot.line_len(row as u32),
                    line.len() as u32,
                    "line_len({}).",
                    row
                );
            }

            let text_rope = Rope::from(expected_text.as_str());
            for _ in 0..10 {
                let end_ix = text_rope.clip_offset(rng.gen_range(0..=text_rope.len()), Bias::Right);
                let start_ix = text_rope.clip_offset(rng.gen_range(0..=end_ix), Bias::Left);

                let text_for_range = snapshot
                    .text_for_range(start_ix..end_ix)
                    .collect::<String>();
                assert_eq!(
                    text_for_range,
                    &expected_text[start_ix..end_ix],
                    "incorrect text for range {:?}",
                    start_ix..end_ix
                );

                let excerpted_buffer_ranges = multibuffer
                    .read(cx)
                    .range_to_buffer_ranges(start_ix..end_ix, cx);
                let excerpted_buffers_text = excerpted_buffer_ranges
                    .iter()
                    .map(|(buffer, buffer_range)| {
                        buffer
                            .read(cx)
                            .text_for_range(buffer_range.clone())
                            .collect::<String>()
                    })
                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                    .join("\n");
                assert_eq!(excerpted_buffers_text, text_for_range);
                if !expected_excerpts.is_empty() {
                    assert!(!excerpted_buffer_ranges.is_empty());
                }

                let expected_summary = TextSummary::from(&expected_text[start_ix..end_ix]);
                assert_eq!(
                    snapshot.text_summary_for_range::<TextSummary, _>(start_ix..end_ix),
                    expected_summary,
                    "incorrect summary for range {:?}",
                    start_ix..end_ix
                );
            }

            // Anchor resolution
            let summaries = snapshot.summaries_for_anchors::<usize, _>(&anchors);
            assert_eq!(anchors.len(), summaries.len());
            for (anchor, resolved_offset) in anchors.iter().zip(summaries) {
                assert!(resolved_offset <= snapshot.len());
                assert_eq!(
                    snapshot.summary_for_anchor::<usize>(anchor),
                    resolved_offset
                );
            }

            for _ in 0..10 {
                let end_ix = text_rope.clip_offset(rng.gen_range(0..=text_rope.len()), Bias::Right);
                assert_eq!(
                    snapshot.reversed_chars_at(end_ix).collect::<String>(),
                    expected_text[..end_ix].chars().rev().collect::<String>(),
                );
            }

            for _ in 0..10 {
                let end_ix = rng.gen_range(0..=text_rope.len());
                let start_ix = rng.gen_range(0..=end_ix);
                assert_eq!(
                    snapshot
                        .bytes_in_range(start_ix..end_ix)
                        .flatten()
                        .copied()
                        .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                    expected_text.as_bytes()[start_ix..end_ix].to_vec(),
                    "bytes_in_range({:?})",
                    start_ix..end_ix,
                );
            }
        }

        let snapshot = multibuffer.read(cx).snapshot(cx);
        for (old_snapshot, subscription) in old_versions {
            let edits = subscription.consume().into_inner();

            log::info!(
                "applying subscription edits to old text: {:?}: {:?}",
                old_snapshot.text(),
                edits,
            );

            let mut text = old_snapshot.text();
            for edit in edits {
                let new_text: String = snapshot.text_for_range(edit.new.clone()).collect();
                text.replace_range(edit.new.start..edit.new.start + edit.old.len(), &new_text);
            }
            assert_eq!(text.to_string(), snapshot.text());
        }
    }

    #[gpui::test]
    fn test_history(cx: &mut AppContext) {
        cx.set_global(SettingsStore::test(cx));

        let buffer_1 = cx.add_model(|cx| Buffer::new(0, "1234", cx));
        let buffer_2 = cx.add_model(|cx| Buffer::new(0, "5678", cx));
        let multibuffer = cx.add_model(|_| MultiBuffer::new(0));
        let group_interval = multibuffer.read(cx).history.group_interval;
        multibuffer.update(cx, |multibuffer, cx| {
            multibuffer.push_excerpts(
                buffer_1.clone(),
                [ExcerptRange {
                    context: 0..buffer_1.read(cx).len(),
                    primary: None,
                }],
                cx,
            );
            multibuffer.push_excerpts(
                buffer_2.clone(),
                [ExcerptRange {
                    context: 0..buffer_2.read(cx).len(),
                    primary: None,
                }],
                cx,
            );
        });

        let mut now = Instant::now();

        multibuffer.update(cx, |multibuffer, cx| {
            let transaction_1 = multibuffer.start_transaction_at(now, cx).unwrap();
            multibuffer.edit(
                [
                    (Point::new(0, 0)..Point::new(0, 0), "A"),
                    (Point::new(1, 0)..Point::new(1, 0), "A"),
                ],
                None,
                cx,
            );
            multibuffer.edit(
                [
                    (Point::new(0, 1)..Point::new(0, 1), "B"),
                    (Point::new(1, 1)..Point::new(1, 1), "B"),
                ],
                None,
                cx,
            );
            multibuffer.end_transaction_at(now, cx);
            assert_eq!(multibuffer.read(cx).text(), "AB1234\nAB5678");

            // Edit buffer 1 through the multibuffer
            now += 2 * group_interval;
            multibuffer.start_transaction_at(now, cx);
            multibuffer.edit([(2..2, "C")], None, cx);
            multibuffer.end_transaction_at(now, cx);
            assert_eq!(multibuffer.read(cx).text(), "ABC1234\nAB5678");

            // Edit buffer 1 independently
            buffer_1.update(cx, |buffer_1, cx| {
                buffer_1.start_transaction_at(now);
                buffer_1.edit([(3..3, "D")], None, cx);
                buffer_1.end_transaction_at(now, cx);

                now += 2 * group_interval;
                buffer_1.start_transaction_at(now);
                buffer_1.edit([(4..4, "E")], None, cx);
                buffer_1.end_transaction_at(now, cx);
            });
            assert_eq!(multibuffer.read(cx).text(), "ABCDE1234\nAB5678");

            // An undo in the multibuffer undoes the multibuffer transaction
            // and also any individual buffer edits that have occured since
            // that transaction.
            multibuffer.undo(cx);
            assert_eq!(multibuffer.read(cx).text(), "AB1234\nAB5678");

            multibuffer.undo(cx);
            assert_eq!(multibuffer.read(cx).text(), "1234\n5678");

            multibuffer.redo(cx);
            assert_eq!(multibuffer.read(cx).text(), "AB1234\nAB5678");

            multibuffer.redo(cx);
            assert_eq!(multibuffer.read(cx).text(), "ABCDE1234\nAB5678");

            // Undo buffer 2 independently.
            buffer_2.update(cx, |buffer_2, cx| buffer_2.undo(cx));
            assert_eq!(multibuffer.read(cx).text(), "ABCDE1234\n5678");

            // An undo in the multibuffer undoes the components of the
            // the last multibuffer transaction that are not already undone.
            multibuffer.undo(cx);
            assert_eq!(multibuffer.read(cx).text(), "AB1234\n5678");

            multibuffer.undo(cx);
            assert_eq!(multibuffer.read(cx).text(), "1234\n5678");

            multibuffer.redo(cx);
            assert_eq!(multibuffer.read(cx).text(), "AB1234\nAB5678");

            buffer_1.update(cx, |buffer_1, cx| buffer_1.redo(cx));
            assert_eq!(multibuffer.read(cx).text(), "ABCD1234\nAB5678");

            // Redo stack gets cleared after an edit.
            now += 2 * group_interval;
            multibuffer.start_transaction_at(now, cx);
            multibuffer.edit([(0..0, "X")], None, cx);
            multibuffer.end_transaction_at(now, cx);
            assert_eq!(multibuffer.read(cx).text(), "XABCD1234\nAB5678");
            multibuffer.redo(cx);
            assert_eq!(multibuffer.read(cx).text(), "XABCD1234\nAB5678");
            multibuffer.undo(cx);
            assert_eq!(multibuffer.read(cx).text(), "ABCD1234\nAB5678");
            multibuffer.undo(cx);
            assert_eq!(multibuffer.read(cx).text(), "1234\n5678");

            // Transactions can be grouped manually.
            multibuffer.redo(cx);
            multibuffer.redo(cx);
            assert_eq!(multibuffer.read(cx).text(), "XABCD1234\nAB5678");
            multibuffer.group_until_transaction(transaction_1, cx);
            multibuffer.undo(cx);
            assert_eq!(multibuffer.read(cx).text(), "1234\n5678");
            multibuffer.redo(cx);
            assert_eq!(multibuffer.read(cx).text(), "XABCD1234\nAB5678");
        });
    }
}